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AACCH Honors (9) > AF Module 2: From Empires to Slavery > Flashcards

AF Module 2: From Empires to Slavery Flashcards

1
Q

AF 2.1

A

.

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2
Q

What skills did Bantu-speakers have?

A

domesticated livestock and agriculture and ironworking skills which developed in northern and western Africa.

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3
Q

_____ and ______ profoundly changed many African societies.

A
  • New crops from Asia
  • establishment of settled agriculture
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4
Q

The most prominent feature of early West African society was….

A

a strong sense of community based on blood relationships and religion

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5
Q

Describe the passing of the knowledge of plant cultivation.

A
  • moved West from the Levant
  • traveled to the Nile Valley
  • moved west across the Sahel to the central and western Sudan
  • spread to the equatorial forests
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6
Q

What effects did the evolution to settled life have on the peoples of Africa?

A
  • Settled societies made shared or common needs more apparent, which were strengthened amongst extended families.
  • Agricultural and pastoral populations increased, although it is speculated by scholars.
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7
Q

Why were the Bantus difficult to research?

A

Bantu-speakers barely had any written languages, and modern scholars tried to reconstruct its history based on oral traditions, linguistics, archaeology, and anthropology.

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8
Q

Bantu

A

a linguistic classification
- “speakers of a Bantu language living south and east of the Congo River”

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9
Q

Bantu-speaking people originated where?

A

in the Benue region, the borderlands of modern Cameroon and Nigeria.

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10
Q

How was Bantu-speakers’ expansion and land settlement uneven?

A

significant environmental differences determined settlement patterns. Some regions had plenty of water, while others were very arid. This resulted in very uneven population distribution.

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11
Q

What became Bantu-speaking people’s staple crop?

A

bananas
- cultivation of bananas required little effort

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12
Q

Delineate the history of the meaning of the word Sudan. How does it compare with its modern country of Sudan?

A
  • Sudan is the region bounded by the Sahara to the north, the Gulf of Guinea to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Ethiopian mountains to the east.
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13
Q

What spread quicker than planting? Why?

A

cattle raising
- the herds of cattle were prospering on the open savannas free of flies.
- Early East African societies praised cattle highly.
- many trading agreements, marriage alliances, political compacts, and treaties were negotiated through cattles.

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14
Q

Describe the spread of ironworking.

A

Many believe Phoenicians brought iron-smelting technique to northwestern Africa, which spread southward. Others argue it spread westward from the Nile.

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15
Q

Describe how bananas replaced yam as Bantu people’s staple crop.

A
  • cultivation required little effort
  • yield was much higher than yams
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16
Q

Leaders of Sudan formed an

A

aristocracy

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17
Q

Describe the power that women had control of in many African societies.

A
  • full member of governing council
  • full voting power
  • chose future King
  • ‘omu,’ in modern Nigeria, was a female co-ruler with the male chief
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18
Q

Western Sudanese religious practices were

A

animistic and polytheistic

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19
Q

What created a cultural divide in western Sudan?

A

Islam’s spread across the Sahara created a north-south divide
- Societies in southern zones remained their animistic religious, but Muslim empires along the Niger River formed powers that wanted to seize the southern empires.

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20
Q

“Trans-Saharan trade”

A

north-south trade across the Sahara

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21
Q

What was the ‘ship of the desert’ that made long-distance trade possible?

A

camels
- they can carry loads efficiently while not needing water for days

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22
Q

Berbers

A

North African peoples who controlled the caravan trade between the Mediterranean and the Sudan

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23
Q

Who determined who could enter the desert and extracted sums of protectionf money from merchant caravans in exchange for a safe trip?

A

The Berbers

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24
Q

Who faced threats to trans-Saharan traders?

A

Nomadic raiders, the Tuareg
- Berbers who lived in the desert uplands and preyed on the caravans

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25
Q

What was the biggest problem of traders crossing the Sahara?

A

water

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26
Q

Describe the three important effects that the growth of trans-Saharan trade had on West African society.

A
  1. Trade stimulated gold mining.
  2. Trade in gold and others goods created a desire for slaves.
  3. Stimulated development of urban centers
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27
Q

Most influencial consequence of trans-Saharan trade was..

A

introduction of Islam to West Africa
- Arab invaders introduced the Berbers living in North Africa to Islam, and gradually Berbers became Muslim.

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28
Q

What arrived the mark of written documents in West Africa?

A

Islam’s arrival
- Muslim diwan, which kept financial records (produced by Ghana’s king)

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29
Q

Mogadishu

A

Muslim port city in East Africa, currently the capital of Somalia
- developed a Muslim sultanate, a monarchy that employed a slave military corps against foreign and domestic enemies.

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30
Q

AF2.2

A

.

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31
Q

stateless societies

A

African societies bound together by ethnic or blood ties rather than by being political states

32
Q

What was the main weakness of stateless societies?

A

inability to organize and defend themselves against attack by powerful armies of neighboring kingdoms/European. powers

33
Q

Age of Africa’s great empires

A

800-1500 CE
- witnessed the flowering of several powerful African states
- Western Sudan: Ghana, Mali, Songhai
- Ethiopia
- Southern Africa: Great Zimbabwe

34
Q

Ghana ‘name’

A

the word for ‘ruler,’ the name of a large and influential African kingdom by the Snoninke people
- Gold Coast colony gained independence from the British, named their new country Ghana.
- ‘ghana’ = war chief of Soninke people
- Soninke called their land Wagadou, only southern part of Wagadou received enough rainfall to be civilized in Ghana.

35
Q

Describe the Ghanian King’s works.

A
  • A council of ministers assisted the king in the work of government, and most were Muslims.
  • Ghanian king held court in the city of Koumbi Saleh. Muslims of Koumbi Saleh lived separately from African artisans and tradespeople.
  • imam = religious leader
  • the royal court was very brutal. Crimes were punished with a drink, and if they vomitted, they were proven innocent. (similar to Germanic people of western Europe)
36
Q

What was the largest export of Ghana?

A

Salt

37
Q

What was the Ghanian king’s largest source of income?

A

gold industry

38
Q

Why did Ghana’s empire decline?

A

Berber dynasty invaded and conquered Ghana and forced its rulers and people to convert to Islam. Islamic pressures disrupted the empire, weakening it enough for its incorporation into the rising Mali empire.

39
Q

What 2 fundamental assets gave Mali its greatness?

A
  1. Agricultural and commercial base supported a large population and provided enormous wealth
  2. Mali had two rules, Sundiata and Mansa Musa, who combined military success
40
Q

Mandinka

A

extremely successful at agriculture, part of the Ghanian Empire
- heart of West African trade networks in its location of the Kangaba

41
Q

Mansa Musa

A

Mansa = “emperor”
- fought many campaigns and curbed rebellions.
- He appointed royal family members as provincial governors, a significant innovation for the Malis
- differed as he was a DEVOUT MUSLIM
- most celebrated event: pilgrimmage to Mecca (squandered gold)

42
Q

Timbuktu

A

originally a campsite for desrt nomads, grew into a thriving city under Mansa Musa

43
Q

Songhai

A

3rd great West African empire
- succeded Mali in the fourteenth century
- encompassed the old empires of Ghana and Mali, extended its territory farther north and east to become one of the largest African empires in history

44
Q

Significance of Nubia

A

Heavily influenced by Egyptian culture
- never part of the Roman Empire, and its people clung to ancient Egyptian religious ideas

45
Q

Aksum

A

kingdom in northwestern Ethiopia that was a sizable trading state and the center of Christian culture

46
Q

How has Judaism, Christianty, and Islam all influenced Ethiopian society?

A

its mountainous environment and the Great Rift Valley, which divides the territory into two mountain masses

47
Q

What weakened Aksum’s commercial prosperity?

A

Islam’s expansion into northern Ethiopia

48
Q

Frumentius

A

a Syrian Christian trader
- kidnapped as a young boy in a route from India to Tyre
- takes into Aksum, given freedom, appointed to tutor to the future king, Ezana
- SPREAD CHRISTIANITY TO ETHIOPIA

49
Q

Kebra Nagast (The Glory of Kings)

A

six scribes in Ethiopia
- became an Ethiopian national epic, glorifying a line of rulers descended from the Hebrew king Solomon, arousing patriotic feelings and linking Ethiopia’s identity to the Judeo-Christian tradition
- Ethiopian’s rulers claimed they belonged to the Solomonic line of succession

50
Q

How were East African city-states shaped?

A

by their proximity to the trade routes of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean

51
Q

Zanj

A

the great emigration from Arabia after the death of Muhammad accelerated Muslim penetration, which Arabs called Zanj, “land of the blacks.”

52
Q

Swahili

A

The East African coastal culture, named after a Bantu language whose vocabulary and poetic forms exhibit strong Arabic influences

53
Q

Kilwa

A

the most powerful city on the east coast of Africa by the late thirteenth century

54
Q

Why was African elephants’ tusks traded?

A

their tusks were larger and more durable than those of Indian elephants, and African ivory was in great demand

55
Q

When did reports of East African slave trading begin?

A

the publication of the Periplus

56
Q

What was the basic social unit among early southern African people?

A

the nuclear family, who practiced polygyn and traced descent in the male line

57
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

a ruined southern African city discovered by a German explorer in 1871; considered the most impressive monument south of the Nile Valley and Ethiopian highlands

58
Q

Why did Great Zimbabwe decline?

A

the area became agriculturally exhausted and could no longer support the large population

59
Q

AF2.3

A

.

60
Q

How did Islamic practices influence African slavery?

A

African rulers justified enslavement with the Muslim argument that prisoners of war could be sold and that captured people were considered personal possessions.

61
Q

Why Africa? Explain 2 theories.

A
  1. pan-European insider-outsider ideology prevailed around Europe. Permitted enslavement of outsiders but made enslavement of white Europeans unallowed.
  2. In Muslim and Arab worlds, an association had developed between blackness and menial slavery.
    - “abd” = black, became synonymous with slave
62
Q

Why were African people enslaved in a period where serfdom was declining in western Europe and land was avaliable and much of Africa had a labor shortage?

A

the economic value of African workers were much less than a European peasant living in Europe

63
Q

Dutch East India Company

A

began to allow importation of slaves into the Cape Colony
- 75% of slaves brought into the colony came from Dutch East India Company
- largest slaveowner in the Cape Colony

64
Q

What 2 factors determined the source of slaves?

A
  • population density
  • supply conditions
65
Q

How did transatlantic wind patterns determine exchange routes?

A

shippers naturally preferred the crossing from the African port nearest the latitude of the intended American destination.

66
Q

Where did almost all Portugease shipments go to?

A

satisfying the virtually insatiable Brazilian demand for slaves

67
Q

Middle Passage

A

African slaves’ voyage across the Atlantic to the Americas, a long treacherous journey during which slaves endured appalling and deadly conditions

68
Q

What was the world’s greatest slave-trading port?

A

Liverpool in Britain
- carried textiles, gunpowder, flint, beer and spirits, cloth to Africa

69
Q

sorting

A

a collection or batch of British goods that would be traded for a slave or for a quantity of gold, ivory, or dyewood

70
Q

What were the 2 systems of European exchange?

A
  1. Gold Coast
    - expensive to maintain but proved useful against European rivals
  2. Shore trading
    - invited African dealers to bring enslaved Africans out to the ships with traders to trade
71
Q

Shore trading

A

a process for trading goods in which Europeans sent boats ashore or invited African dealers to bring traders and slaves out to the ships

72
Q

Triangle trade

A

European merchants sailed to Africa to trade European goods for slaves. Then, they headed to the Middle Passage. When they reached the Americas, the merchants unloaded and sold the slaves to produce raw materials, including cotton, sugar and indigo, which were transported back to Europe.

73
Q

What economic impacts did European trade have on African societies?

A

They found foreign products desirable due to their low prices. African sates were eager to control commerce and bought commerce.
- African merchants who controlled the production of exports gained the most from foreign trade.

74
Q

Did Africa experience any technological growth or economic benefits from European trade?

A

No

75
Q

How did political consequences of the slave trade vary?

A

The trade enhanced the power of some kings and warlords but promoted instability and collapse of the long run.

76
Q

What demographic impact did the slave trade have on Africa?

A

AACCH Honors (9) (14 decks)

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