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Biology 6th Form OCR A (missing exchange systems) > Module 6: Populations and Sustainability: > Flashcards

Module 6: Populations and Sustainability: Flashcards

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1
Q

Population Growth Curve: Phase 1

A

Lag phase, small founder population with a birthrate greater than death rate.

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2
Q

Population Growth Curve: Phase 2

A

Exponential growth phase: population produces at the maximum breeding rate, no constraints on population increase.

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3
Q

Population Growth Curve: Phase 3

A

Stationary phase, oscillating around mean population size. Birth rate is approximately equal to death rate meaning the population has reached its carrying capacity.

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4
Q

What are limiting factors of Population Growth:

A

Factors that limit and reduce a populations size or capacity to grow.

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5
Q

Density independent Limiting Factors of population growth:

A

Abiotic Factors

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6
Q

Density dependent Limiting Factors of population growth:

A

Biotic Factors

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7
Q

What effects the impact of most biotic factors on population growth?

A

The size of the population.

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8
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A

Interspecific Competition and Intraspecific Competition

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9
Q

Interspecific Competition:

A

Competition between populations of DIFFERENT species.
Reduces the level of a resource for all involved species.
Results in smaller populations
Better adapted species outcompetes other species
Competitive exclusion principle

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10
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

The elimination of less well adapted species due to their competitive disadvantage

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11
Q

Intraspecific Competition:

A

Competition between individual of the SAME species.#
Competition for the same resource, e.g breeding territory
Fluctuating population size

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12
Q

Predation is an example of which type of limiting factor?

A

Density Dependent Factor (biotic)

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13
Q

What two populations are interlinked in predation?

A

Predator and Prey

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14
Q

What is the factor effecting the population of the predator in predation:

A

Intraspecific competition caused by varying population of prey.

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15
Q

What are the 3 reasons for conservation?

A

Economic, Social and ethical

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16
Q

Define Preservation:

A

The protection of an ecosystem by restricting or banning human activity, to keep the ecosystem in its original state

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17
Q

What reasons may an ecosystem be preserved?

A

Ecological sensitivity, Archaeological sensitivity and paleontological sensitivity.
The ecosystem may be unstable and easily damaged or destroyed.

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18
Q

Aims of sustainable management:

A
  • Conserve ecosystem
  • Ensure future resource availability + healthy lives for humans
  • Provide wealth to countries with natural resources to sustainably develop.
  • Efficiently using finite resources.
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19
Q

What is conservation?:

A

The active dynamic management of biodiversity in ecosystems through human action.

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20
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

The sustainable use of natural resources to ensure their longevity.

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21
Q

What is reclamation?

A

The restoration of damaged/destroyed ecosystems.

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22
Q

Name some disadvantages of reclamation:

A
  • Time consuming
  • Expensive
  • Difficult to reintroduce species
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23
Q

Two types of sustainable timber production (small scale)

A

Coppicing and Pollarding.

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24
Q

What are the goals of sustainable management of forests and woodlands?

A

Maintenance of biodiversity
Maintenance of timber supply
maintenance of economic viability of timber production

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25
Q

What is the large-scale sustainable timber production method:

A

Planting and felling trees.

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26
Q

Coppicing:

A

Exploits capacity of species to produce new shoots from stumps or roots
Young tree stems repeatedly cut down to near ground level leaving a stump (stool)
Regrow after number of years

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27
Q

Pollarding:

A

Upper branches cut - new growth out of reach of animals
Used for wood
Used to feed livestock

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28
Q

Fodder Pollards:

A
  • pollard hay

- upper branches pruned every 2-6 years to increase the leafy material

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29
Q

Wood Pollards:

A

longer intervals of 8-15 years

produce upright poles - good for fence rails and posts.

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30
Q

Concerns around unsustainable fishing practices?

A
  • Heavy fishing pressures (overfishing) -> significant loss of potential yield
  • Stock structure will erode to where it loses diversity
  • Ecosystems and economy surrounding it will both decline.
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31
Q

Sustainable Fishery:

A

A fishery that is harvested at a sustainable rate, where the fish population does not decline over time because fishing practices.

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32
Q

Sustainable fishery management techniques:

A 
Conventions
Marine protected areas
Fish farming
International agreements on landing quotas
public awareness campaigns
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33
Q

Galapagos Islands: Animals

A

Giant Tortoise
Flightless cormorant
Marine iguana

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34
Q

Galapagos Islands: Ecosystem

A

Volcanic Islands - humid and warm

35
Q

Galapagos Islands: What are the 3 zones?

A

Coastal Zone
Arid Zone
Humid Zone

36
Q

What has caused the Galapagos Islands to be sensitive:

A

19th century - whaling

  • introduction of invasive species (goats)
  • Deforestation
  • Isolation
37
Q

Galapagos Islands: Conservation

A

1959 National Park:

  • Introduction of park rangers
  • Limiting access
  • Controlling migration of species
38
Q

Antartica: Ecosystem

A

Cold, dry, high, tundra

39
Q

Antartica: Plants

A

Moss, algae, Lichness

40
Q

Antartica: Animals

A

Seals, Whales, Penguins, Polar bear

41
Q

Galapagos Islands: Plants

A

Cacti - arid zones
Mangrove - coastal zone
Moss - humid zone

42
Q

Antartica: Control of human activities

A

Antartica Treaty 1961:

  • Scientific Cooperation
  • Protection of environment
  • Conservation
  • Management of protected areas + tourism
43
Q

Snowdonia: Ecosystem

A

Lake and Ancient woodland - cold and mountainous

44
Q

Snowdonia: Animals

A

Coast + Estuary Birds -> cormorants
Forest Birds -> pied flycatcher
Moorland + mountain bird -> Ospreys

45
Q

Snowdonia: Plants

A

Snowdon lily

Oak

46
Q

Snowdonia: Control of Human Activity

A 
1951 National Park:
Some areas preserved. 
Conservation and enhance natural beauty
Education 
Enhance economic and social wellbeing of local communities
47
Q

What is an environmentally sensitive ecosystem?

A

Fragile ecosystems that are less resistant to changes to the environment.

48
Q

Methods to protect environmentally sensitive ecosystem?

A
  • Limiting the access of areas
  • Controlling movement of livestock
  • Anti-poaching measures
  • replanting of forests and native plants
  • Limiting hunting (seasonal bans)
49
Q

Lake District: Ecosystem

A

Mountainous with lakes. Dales and fringes of lakes provide variety of habitat including ancient woodland.

50
Q

Lake District: Animals

A

Bats. red deer. golden eagle

51
Q

Lake District: Plants

A

Specialised trees e.g dwarf juniper and dwarf willow

Lower region -> sundew (carnivorous plant)

52
Q

Lake District: Control of human activity

A

Area is conserved whilst allowing tourism

Active management of the countryside - e.g replanting native tree species

53
Q

Masai Mara: Ecosystem

A

Primary Ecosystem: Savannah

Previously abundant in acacia but tsetse fly acted as a vector for sleeping sickness and-so the acacia was removed.

54
Q

Masai Mara: Land use

A

Farming
Cultivation
Conservation of species

55
Q

Masai Mara: Farming

A

Farming:

  • Grazing of livestock -> used semi-nomadic farming -> allowed land to recover
  • Grazing now limited to edge of reserve -> less freedom -> land can’t recover -> soil erosion.
56
Q

Masai Mara: Cultivation

A

Cultivation

  • Grassland -> crop land
  • Rely on fertilisers -> soil nutrients used up
57
Q

Masai Mara: Ecotourism

A

Relies on tourism for economic input

Ecotourism-tourism directed towards natural environments to support local communities.

58
Q

Masai Mara: Animals

A

Black Rhinoceros

59
Q

What are the 3 principles of ecotourism:

A
  • No exploitation of the reserve or local communities
  • Engagement with local communities about development
  • Infrastructure development benefits both tourism and local communities.
60
Q

Masai Mara: Strategies to conserve black rhino

A
  • Balance needs of wildlife and community
  • Deter poaching
  • Communication equipment, vehicles + infrastructure supplied reserve rangers.
61
Q

Masai Mara: Elephant conflict

A

Threaten cultivation -> trampling + damage

Controlled by fencing land -> However reduces natural migration

62
Q

Masai Mara: Legal Hunting conflict

A
  • Culls excess animals -> maintains populations

- Populations must be actively monitored to maintain balance.

63
Q

Masai Mara: Livestock conflict

A

Fencing off livestock threatens migratory wildlife, however not fencing them off increases the risk of diseases spreading. e.g wildebeasts.

64
Q

Masai Mara: Human Population Growth

A

The growth of the population means that their needs to be increased land use for cultivation and livestock. Smaller space available due to reserve -> no longer nomadic -> soil nutrient deplete -> use fertiliser.

65
Q

Terai Region of Nepal: Ecosystem

A

Hot and humid in summer months. Fertile soil. Area of extreme biodiversity. Forest region.

66
Q

Terai Region of Nepal: Animals

A

Bengal Tiger, sloth bear, and indian rhinoceros

67
Q

Terai Region of Nepal: Plants

A

Bamboo and pipal

68
Q

Terai Region of Nepal: Sustainable forest management in Nepal: Aim

A
  • To provide a sustainable livelihood for local people
  • To ensure the conservation of forests
  • To provide nepal with sustainable economic investment.
69
Q

Terai Region of Nepal: Sustainable forest management in Nepal: Method

A
  • Local community forestry groups and cooperative networks e.g FSC
  • National legislation
70
Q

Terai Region of Nepal: Sustainable forest management in Nepal: Successes

A
  • Significant improvement in the conservation of the forested regions both in the terms of increased area and improved density.
  • Improved soil and water management across the region
  • An increase in the retail price of forestry products, and so a greater economic input to the region
  • Employment and income generation through forest production.
  • Sustainable wood fuel sources, which contribute three-quarters of the local household energy needs.
  • Securing the biodiversity of the forested areas.
71
Q

Terai Region of Nepal: Promoting sustainable agriculture: Strategies

A
  • Promoting the production of fruits and vegetables in hills and mountain regions
  • Improving irrigation facilities to enhance crop production
  • Multiple cropping, where more than one crop is grown on a piece of land each growing season.
  • The growth of nitrogen-fixing crops such as pulses and legumes to enhance the fertility of the soil.
  • Growing crop varieties resistant to various soil, climatic and biotic challenges through the use of modern biotechnology and genetic engineering
  • Improving fertilisation techniques to enhance crop yield.
72
Q

Peat Bogs: Ecosystem

A

A Wetland region of wet, spongy ground. Large areas of open ground.

73
Q

What is a peat bog?

A

A region of wet, spongy ground that contains decomposing vegetation that’s acidic and anaerobic conditions prevent full decay. This causes peat bogs to be carbon sinks (carbons stores).

74
Q

Peat Bogs: Plants

A

Mosses, sedges and shrubs

75
Q

Peat Bogs: Animals

A

Butterflies, moths, dragonflies -> lack of large predators.

Birds.

76
Q

What region do plants grow in Peat Bogs?

A

Peatland

77
Q

Peat Bogs: Threats to ecosystem

A

Extraction of peat to supply gardeners and nursery growers.
Afforestation
Agricultural intensification (land drainage)

78
Q

Peat Bogs: Reasons for conservation:

A

Retain carbon stores to further reduce impact of climate change.
Flood management and erosion control.

79
Q

Peat Bogs: 4 methods of conservation:

A
  • Conservation work of organisations e.g The wildlife trusts.
  • Removal of seedling trees from the area
  • Controlled grazing of peatland
  • Ensuring peat and vegetation of the bog surface is undisturbed and wet.
80
Q

Peat Bogs: Removal of Seedlings

A

Trees have a high water requirement due to transpiration. Therefore seedlings, that have the potential to remove water from an area of peatland and support for bog vegetation, must be removed.

81
Q

Peat Bogs: Controlled Grazing

A

Grazing ensures a diverse wetland surface in terms of structure and species composition. This provides a wide range of habitats for rare insect species.

82
Q

Peat Bogs: Ensuring peat and vegetation of the bog surface is undisturbed and wet.

A

To keep peat and vegetation undisturbed and watered:

Ditch blocking may be used to raise the water table to the bog surface.

83
Q

What is the difference between sustainable and unsustainable timber production?

A

Sustainable timber production as many trees are planted as cut down.
Unsustainable Timber production removes trees without replacing them.

84
Q

Define Carrying Capacity:

A

The maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support.

Biology 6th Form OCR A (missing exchange systems) (27 decks)

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