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Biology 6th Form OCR A (missing exchange systems) > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of hexose sugar is glucose?

A

It is a monosaccharide.

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2
Q

What sugar is in a DNA nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose

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2
Q

What sugar is in a DNA nucleotide?

A

Deoxyribose

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3
Q

What sugar is in RNA?

A

Ribose.

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4
Q

What groups does a sugar have?

A

Hydroxyl, carbon and aldehyde.

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5
Q

Why is glucose small?

A

Glucose forms a compact helix due to intramolecular interactions. (Hydrogen bonds)

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6
Q

What are isomers?

A

A compound with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement. E.g a glucose and b glucose.

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7
Q

What disaccharide is formed by a glucose and b glucose undergoing a condensation reaction?

A

Starch (amylose)

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8
Q

Carbohydrate formulae:

A

Cx(H2O)x or (CH2O)n

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9
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

Maltose

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10
Q

Glucose + galactose =

A

Lactose

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11
Q

Glucose + fructose =

A

Sucrose

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12
Q

What is the 1 non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

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13
Q

What do all reducing sugars contain?

A

Have a free ketone or adelhyde group

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14
Q

Amylose properties,

A
  • Made from alpha glucose
  • coiled and unbranched
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • h bond within molecules
  • Granular
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15
Q

Cellulose properties

A

-Fibrous -‘Fibrous chains’
-Not coiled
1-4 glycosidic bonds
-Beta glucose
-H bonds between adjacent molecules.
-Monomers alternatively at 180° to eachother

16
Q

Is glycogen more compact than Amylopectin?

A

Yes

17
Q

What bonds are between every 25 glucose molecules in amylopectin?

A

Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

18
Q

Why does amylopectin hydrolyse rapidly?

A

Amylopectin is branched with many protruding ends.

19
Q

Starch is made of…

A

Amylose + amylopectin

20
Q

How can you identify what type of plant a starch polysaccharide comes from?

A

Microscopic analysis of the differing lengths of amylopectin and amylose.

21
Q

Chitin:

A

A structural polysaccharide found in all exoskeletons of arthropods and in the hyphal walls of many fungi.
(Glucose + amino acid) glucosamine units linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

22
Q

What does the amino acid present in chitin affect?

A

Causes more hydrogen bonding, making it extremely resilient and a tough polysaccharide

23
Q

Glycogen is similar to…

A

Amylopectin

24
Q

Difference between Glycogen and amylopectin?

A

Glycogen is in animals and has more branches, which are shorter; and so glycogen has more free ends which can be hydrolysed and so glycogen hydrolyses faster. This because animals need a fast release of glucose which can be used for respiration to provide energy for motion.
Glycogen is less dense than starch and-so is less compact
Glycogen is more soluble than starch and-so is more easily transported.
Glycogen contains alpha glucose 1:6 glycosidic bonds
Glycogen and amylopectinforms granules.

25
Q

Cellulose form a ….

A

Fibrous chain (microfibrils) and are used as structural support for the plant. It is non-granular

26
Q

What form polysaccharides?

A

Many glucose units.

28
Q

+ve test for starch.

A

Iodine - turns blue.

29
Q

What carbohydrate molecule is used to store energy in plants?

A

Starch

30
Q

What carbohydrate molecule is used to store energy in animals.

A

Glycogen

31
Q

What bonds are in glycogen?

A

composed of alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds with branched alpha-1,6 bonds present at about every tenth monomer

32
Q

What are two similarities between Chitin and glycogen?

A

Both are polysaccharides and both are made up of hexose sugar units.

33
Q

What are two differences between Chitin and glycogen?

A

Chitin contains nitrogen, whilst glycogen does not.

Glycogen is branched whilst Chitin is not.

34
Q

Test for reducing sugar:

A

Add Benedicts reagent - mix - heat - colour change for positive result - amount of cchange shows concentration of sugar.

35
Q

Test for non-reducing sugar:

A

Add dilute HCL - Boil - cool and neutralize with excess sodiumhydroxide - repeat test for reducing sugar.

36
Q

What are the 6 functions of carbohydrates?

A 
Immediate respiratory substrates
Energy stores
Structural components 
Metabolites
Cell-to-cell attachment
Transport
37
Q

Why is cellulose a good structural polysaccharide?

A

Its hydrogen bonding prevents water from entering the molecule, making it resistant to enzyme hydrolysis

Biology 6th Form OCR A (missing exchange systems) (27 decks)

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