2.1.1 Cell Structure Flashcards
Nucleus
controls activities of the cell
Mitochondria
Carries out aerobic respiration
Attaches to mRNA in protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Golgi Complex
Produces secretory vessicles/ processes and packages proteins
Lysosome
contains hydrolysing (digestive) enzymes
Prokaryotic cell wall
Made of peptidoglycon, protects cell from lysis.
Pili
Sensory, adhesive and stick to surfaces
Flagella
Moves cell
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Through Binary fission. Plasmid DNA copied, DNA loops attach to membrane,Membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis)
Genophore
Where DNA of prokaryotes is stored.
How do eukaryotes reproduce?
Mitosis
Eukaryote DNA
DNA bound to proteins, is linear, has introns. (Stored as chromosomes)
Prokaryote DNA
DNA is naked, is circular, usually has no introns
Membrane-bound organelles found in ______
Eukaryotes.
Size of prokaryotes?
0.1-10 micrometres.
Size of eukaryotes?
10-100 micrometres.
Prokaryotes have Chromosomes. Are they haploid or diploid?
Haploid. Single circular chromosome.
Eukaryotes have Chromosomes. Are they haploid or diploid?
Diploid. Linear Chromosomal pairs.
Plant cell wall made of ______
Cellulose
Yeast cell wall made of _____
Chitin
How do Yeast cells reproduce?
Budding
Internal membrane of chloroplasts and mitochondria provide a ______
large surface area.
The membrane around a vacuole is known as a _____
tonoplast.
What are the 3 types of fibre in the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
What is the largest fibre in the cytoskeleton?
The microtubule.
What type of proteins form microtubules?
Alpha and beta tubulin.
What sort of shape is a microtubule?
A strong hollow tube.
What are the roles of microtubules?
Transport and to support the shape of the cell. Form cilia and flagella.
Microtubules are arranged in a 9 2 arrangement in centrosomes.
How are microtubules used in cell division?
They make up centrosomes that pull chromosome pairs apart.
What proteins make microfilaments?
Actin polymers.
What are the roles of microfilaments?
Maintain and change cell shape e.g contracting and relaxing muscles
Used in pseudopods
Used for cytoplasmic streaming.
What is an example of microfilaments being used to move a cell?
Pseudopods.
How are microfilaments used in plant cells?
Through cytoplasmic streaming they can move chloroplast to the light side of the cell.
What is the role of microfilaments in cell division?
Form ring and pinch the membrane between the two nuclei to separate cells.
What do intermediate filaments do?
Provide organelle stability, acting as an anchor.
What are intermediate fibres in the nucleus called?
Nuclear Lamina.
What are pili and flagella made up of?
Microtubules
What does the glycocalyx (slime capsule) do?
Acts as a barrier between prokaryote and surroundings.
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
Transport, synthesis, metabolism of fats, lipids, steroids and carbohydrates.
What stain do you use to identify nuclei?
Methylene Blue, Acetic orcein, toluidine blue (Nile Blue)
What is the name of the process where a secretory vesicle fuses with a membrane and releases a protein.
Exocytosis
Magnification and resolution of Light Microscope
X 1500 and 200nm
Magnification and resolution of transmission electron microscope
X 500,000 and 0.2 nm
Magnification and resolution scanning electron microscope
X 100,000 and 0.2nm
What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?
Cell structure, Cell organisation and mechanical support for cell functions e.g movements
S.E.R function
Thesmooth endoplasmic reticulum functionsin many metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids.
