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ANSC 460 > Module 6- Housing > Flashcards

Module 6- Housing Flashcards

1
Q

4 necessary components for dairy production housing

A

1) cow housing
2) milking center
3) feed storage
4) manure storage

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2
Q

how are cows grouped

A

based on reproductive status & management events for the requirements they need

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3
Q

3 goals of a housing program

A

1) manage different groups
2) provide comfortable cow environment
3) maximize DMI

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4
Q

1st lactation cows calve at (%) of mature body weight

A

85

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5
Q

movement of feed vs people in a barn

A

feed & manure: unidirectional (prevent cross contamination)
people: bidirectional

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6
Q

2 effects of poor air inlets

A

1) stale air
2) high ammonia concentration

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7
Q

natural ventilation

A

relies on wind to propel air

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8
Q

advantages & disadvantages of natural ventilation

A

A: good for cold weather
D: need supplemental cooling in hot weather, an adjacent buildings can reduce wind flow

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9
Q

where do we want most wind movement?

A

parallel to cows at the bunk

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10
Q

ridge openings

A

allow for exhaust of stale air

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11
Q

tunnel ventilation

A

mechanical + natural ventilation combined
- fans at one end of barn create negative air pressure & draw outside air into barn
- baffles re-direct air & increase air velocity

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12
Q

where is air flow in tunnel ventilation

A

perpendicular to cows at feed bunk

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13
Q

target air velocity

A

120-180 m/min

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14
Q

advantage of tunnel ventilation

A
  • can put barns closer together b/c not relying on only natural air flow
  • can get fresh air in winter
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15
Q

cross ventilation advantages & disadvantages

A

advantages: reduced heat stress, barns can be placed anyway, misting potential

disadvantages: energy dependent, bedding choice limitations, minimal air flow in cold temps

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16
Q

cross ventilation

A

combining air inlets with tunnel ventilation to allow for natural & forced ventilation

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17
Q

3 factors that are impacted when we design barn?

A

1) surface area
2) space for cows
3) ability to mitigate heat stress

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18
Q

most common barn plan in western canada

A

3 row barn

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19
Q

how does a 3 row barn impact heat stress?

A

heat to head = breathing on each other = heat production

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20
Q

3 ways to regulate core body temp

A

1) convective: movement of air
2) conductive: transfer of heat from molecule to molecule
3) evaporative: moisture related temp release -> panting

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21
Q

efficiency of heat exchange is dependent on what 2 factors

A

temperature & humidity

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22
Q

THI

A

temperature humidity index

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23
Q

THI value of 90

A

lethal heat stress

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24
Q

temperature impacts ( ), but humidity impacts

A

heat load, opportunities for cooling

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25
Q

example of conductive heat transfer

A

cows exchange heat with stall flooring

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26
Q

what environment does misting not work in? Why?

A

high humidity, will increase THI

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27
Q

water beds

A

allow for cool water movement through water beds to maximize conductive heat loss

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28
Q

4 ways to control heat in a barn

A

1) ventilation systems
2) shade
3) clean water
4) misting in low/moderate humidity

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29
Q

indirect evaporative cooling

A

water is spraying on incoming air to cool air before coming into barn

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30
Q

direct evaporative cooling

A

misters/sprayers coupled with fans blowing over top

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31
Q

direct evaporative cooling

A

misters/sprayers coupled with fans blowing over top

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32
Q

why are we starting to see more soakers used over misters? Where would be a good place to use these

A

1) lesser effect on increasing environmental humidity
2) greater water effect on reducing heat transfer

use these in holding pens

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33
Q

when is the lowest milk fat composition

A

summer

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34
Q

6 impacts of heat stress

A

1) reduced DMI
2) reduced milk production
3) reduced pregnancy rates
4) increased lameness, disease & mortality
5) shorter gestation, lower birth weights, impaired immune function
6) calves from heat stressed dams make less milk
-> change show DNA is read/expressed

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35
Q

over what is temp is considered heat tress

A

39.2

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36
Q

5 physiological coping mechanisms to heat stress

A

1) elevated body temp
2) panting = loss of saliva = loss of potassium & sodium
- need high DCAD
3) increased blood flow to skin
4) increased time standing = increased risk for lameness
5) reduced rumen health
- less eating = less rumination = less saliva = less buffering = higher rumen pH

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37
Q

potassium & sodium can be lost during heat stress during (2)

A

panting & sweating

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38
Q

2 types of evaporative cooling

A

direct & indirect

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39
Q

T or F: reduction in milk yield associated with heat stress can be attributed to low DMI, but does not explain all of it

A

T

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40
Q

heat stressed conditions

A

eat less = less propionate = less glucose = elevated insulin = does not trigger adipose tissue mobilization = metabolism of skeletal muscle for energy demand in liver & to fuel sources for glucose synthesis

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41
Q

what is the 1st thing to fix if having issues on your farm?

A

environment

42
Q

3 nutritional strategies to mitigate heat stress during summer only

A

1) increase nutrient density by reducing fiver & increasing fat bc we know they will eat less-> this is hard to do

2) increase DCAD = more Na & K = stimulate water intake

3) feed additives to buffer
- sodium bicarbonate

43
Q
A
44
Q

diurnal ruminal temperature

A

hard to adapt to heat stress even with night cooling b/c of change of time when cows are eating

45
Q

what will happen to Na & K excretions when DCAD is increased

A

increased Na output, decreased K output

46
Q

2 ways to tell if a compound if being excreted in urine

A

chromium vs cobalt EDTA
- is purple = if in urine = indication compound is in urine

47
Q

( ) cobalt came out in cows that had high buffer relative to low buffer treatments

A

less

48
Q

when does most of leakiness occur?

A

after the rumen

49
Q

why is there a change in amino acid signalling in heat stressed cattle?

A

inflammation driven by the gut = massive increase in glucose & amino acid utilization to support immune system

50
Q

2 types of mixer errors

A

1) weight varies by 10%
-> weight loaded is actually heavier
2) consistently adding weight
-> significantly change price

51
Q

how to fix mixer errors

A

use feeding management software
-> must know how much is loaded into the mixer for each batch

52
Q

types of mixing systems

A

1) portable mixer
2) batching system
3) stationary mixer

53
Q

advantage of portable mixer

A

can mix while driving to wherever feed is going

54
Q

portable mixer

A

1) individual commodities -> loaded into mixer with payloader/bucket
2) lower inclusion commodities -> auger or hand mixer

55
Q

batching system and who uses it

A

while truck is out delivering, the payloader can load next mix into this system, truck drives through & dumps whole ration into next truck
- used by larger farms

56
Q

why do larger farms use batching systems (3)

A
  • more efficient
  • faster feeding times
  • do not have to purchase another truck
57
Q

disadvantage of batching system

A

spillage is not accounted for

58
Q

3 types of mixers

A

1) vertical screw
2) reel
3) augers

59
Q

how does a vertical screw mixer work?

A

feed moves up auger central portion & when it reaches the top it spills over to either sides

60
Q

function of a mixer

A

to homogenize the feed

61
Q

for small loads of forage, what mixer is best

A

horizontal augers

62
Q

what is the point of a TMR diet?

A

to homogenize a diet to ensure every bite is the same nutritional level

63
Q

how do we assess if we are meeting mixer goals

A

do a mixer validation frequently

64
Q

what 2 factors affect ability to deliver TMR?

A

employees (trained or not) & nutrient variability

65
Q

how to audit the TMR

A

1) silage management
2) distribution & sorting
3) feed center -> timed mix cycles?
4) TMR loading & mixing
5) TMR delivery
6) evaluation of TMR

66
Q

how many revolutions per minute of mixer?

A

7-9

67
Q

how to reduce variability in silage? (3)

A

1) grab from edges, push into center & mix together
2) only grab for 1 days worth to limit how much is exposed to air
3) 6 inches should be pulled off each day

68
Q

in hot weather, should silage be moved more or less?

A

more

69
Q

what should silage pit size be based on?

A

amount of dry matter we are going to be feeding

70
Q

natural variation in silage is driven by

A

point of field
- bottom has lower DM due to gravitational force

71
Q

what goes down when we start consolidating both sides of the silage pile into 1 central pile

A

coefficient of variation for all nutrients

72
Q

what % of sampling should be taken if 100% of feed was dumped on 1 side of the barn?

A

grab bits from every 10%

73
Q

rules of thumb for TMR sampling

A

1) take samples throughout bunk
2) use penn state particle size separator to determine portion of particles that are retained on a set number of coefficient of variation (CV)
3) reject if middle & bottom are lower than 5% for CV
4) sampling should be done every 4-6 weeks

74
Q

9 factors affecting the TMR

A

1) worn mixers
2) wrong mix time
3) unlevel mixers
4) loading positions
5) load size
6) hay quality & processing
7) loading sequence
8) liquid distribution
9) vertical mixer speed

75
Q

auger speed

A

change how fast nutrient cycle from bottom to top of auger

76
Q

cattle movement is a big risk factor for

A

HPAI -> high path avian influenza

77
Q

reasons why cows are grouped based on management & nutrition requirements

A
  • diff requirements
  • heifers are not at risk for milk fever so giving them negative DCAD diet will alter growth
78
Q

transition cow barn design

A

social stable groups -> establishes social hierarchy = less stress
- not used for disease prevention

79
Q

lactating herd age

A

22-24 months

80
Q

how many days are cows in milk?

A

105

81
Q

how many cattle do you need type question

A

have to fill quota from day 1 with lactating cows
- 10 months milk production / 12 months of the year = 83% of milking & 17% is dry throughout the year

culling rate is 30% for example = need to bring in 12% replacements annually bc 1/3 of your culling rate is your replacements

82
Q

how to determine how many replacements need to be brought in annually

A

1/3 of culling rate

83
Q

how many animals do you need if your replacement % is 30%?

A

multiply by 2 bc it takes 2 years for an animal to become a replacement

84
Q

advantages of individual housing (5)

A
  • can measure water & feed intake
  • easier management
  • early disease detection
  • prevents spread of disease
  • prevents cross suckling
85
Q

T or F: ventilation is usually pretty good in hutches

A

T

86
Q

ammonia levels must be under

A

10ppm

87
Q

effective april 2031, calves must be housed in pairs by

A

4 weeks of age

88
Q

advantages & disadvantages of hutches

A

A- low cost
B- heat stress = greenhouse effect & cold in winter

89
Q

feeding center designs

A

efficiency is very important
need to consider storage losses

90
Q

silage shrink

A

5-10% is normal
- have to increase cost of silage based on silage shrink

91
Q

how to reduce canola meal shrink?

A

putting it in a bin

92
Q

why is silage used?

A

it is cheap & fast to grab

93
Q

what must be accounted for when analyzing feed inventory

A

feed refusals

94
Q

summer vs winter refusal feed

A

summer-> more spoilage = discard refusals
winter -> less spoilage = keep refusals

95
Q

what silage shrink can be expected with use of silos?

A

10-20%

96
Q

what 2 factors impact silage shrinkage

A

1) more protection = less shrink
2) dryer feed = less shrink

97
Q

3 types of rations on farm

A

1) formulated ration
2) ration cows eat - sorted
3) mixed ration

98
Q

how many samples should be collected from TMR mixing?

A

10 samples

99
Q

how can you evaluate how variable the mix was cross the whole bunk?

A

look at particle size

100
Q

lower quantity of feed will ( ) risk of error during mixing

A

increases

ANSC 460 (16 decks)

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