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ANSC 460 > Module 3- Calf Management > Flashcards

Module 3- Calf Management Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to prevent infection at the postnatal phase

A

1) navel dip
2) vaccines

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2
Q

main reason of early separation from the dam

A

reduce risk of pathogen transmission

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3
Q

what country weans calves across from dams

A

Europe

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4
Q

Purpose of colostrum

A

no antibody transfer in utero

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5
Q

how much g/L of IgG’s are required in colostrum

A

over 50g/L of IgG

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6
Q

how much colostrum should be given? How many grams of IgG?

A

4L = 200-300g of IgG

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7
Q

lactoferrin helps minimize?

A

bacterial growth

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8
Q

T or F: contamination of colostrum can effect how calf can absorb IgGs

A

T

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9
Q

maternal antibodies in colostrum provide immunity for ( ) days, and calf antibody production starts after ( ) days

A

14, 21

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10
Q

when is the high risk period for calf scours & respiratory diseases

A

14-21 -> time between end of maternal antibody production & start of calf antibody production

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11
Q

brix refractometer

A

measures total solids (sugar) content -> is an indication of IgGs

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12
Q

what brix value is equivalent to 50g/L of IgGs?

A

22%

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13
Q

why is RID not used to measure IgGs?

A

time consuming & costly -> done in a lab

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14
Q

RID

A

radial immunodiffusion

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15
Q

reasons for huge variation in quality of colostrum on farm? (3)

A

1) heifer vs cow
2) nutrition of pre-partum diet
3) seasonality differences-> photoperiod & cold stress

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16
Q

When do we see a decline in colostrum volume? Why?

A

Nov-Jan, b/c of cold stress & photoperiod -> short days affects melatonin production

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17
Q

how can adequate passive transfer of IgGs be measured? What mg/ml or better is required?

A

blood test -> in serum
10mg/ml

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18
Q

gold standard for feeding colostrum

A

feed using colostrum on own cows, powdered is suggested as a supplement, not replacer

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19
Q

esophageal groove closure

A

allows colostrum to bypass rumen & go into abomasum
- stimulated by suckling

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20
Q

T or F: research shows tubing vs bottle feeding is not very different

A

T

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21
Q

ideal colostrum temperature

A

39-42 degrees C

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22
Q

abomasum is (%) of a calf’s forestomach

A

60%

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23
Q

how much colostrum should be fed as a 2nd feeding & when?

A

2L, 8 hours later

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24
Q

matilda

A

pasteurizes colostrum at 60 degrees for 60 mins = reduces bacteria

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25
Q

T or F: it is necessary to pasteurize colostrum

A

F

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26
Q

overheating colostrum

A

proteins denature, destroy good bacteria too

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27
Q

where should colostrum be stored?

A

freezer

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28
Q

bacteria can double in fridge within ( ) minutes

A

20

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29
Q

how can colostrum powder be used as a supplement

A

can add to poor quality colostrum to reach sufficient IgG content -> calculate with app

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30
Q

failure of passive transfer is when serum IgG is less than and brix is less than ( )

A

10g/L, 8.1%

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31
Q

when should blood samples be taken after 2nd feeding?

A

24 hours - 7 days of age

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32
Q

5 Q’s of colostrum management

A

1) quantifying-> serum test
2) quality-> 50g/L IgG
3) quantity-> 4L
4) quickness-> within 4 hours
5) clean -> bacteria count

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33
Q

TPC (total platelet value) must be under what in colostrum

A

100,000

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34
Q

bioactive compounds functions (5)

A

1) growth factors/ hormones that stimulate gut development
2) increase surface area exposure so more nutrients can be absorbed
3) immune cell programming
4) post-natal development of gut
5) post-absorptive metabolism-> insulin responsiveness

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35
Q

oligiosaccharides

A

prebiotics -> nutrients for probiotics

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36
Q

bifidobacteria

A

good bacteria

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37
Q

what bacteria is increased & what one is decreased with heated treated colostrum

A

bifidobacterium increase
E.coli reduced

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38
Q

6 other nutrients in colostrum besides IgG

A

1) insulin
2) glucagon
3) prolactin
4) growth hormone
5) insulin growth factor 1
6) insulin growth factor 2

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39
Q

what colostrum components increase glucose uptake & metabolism in the duodenum in early calf life

A

IGF-1 & insulin

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40
Q

how does colostrum increase mucosal growth

A

increases surface area by increasing villi in small intestine

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41
Q

T or F: calves fed on farm colostrum had higher villi dimensions compared to formula based calves

A

T

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42
Q

livestock identification number

A

unique to every calf in Canada

43
Q

what 2 things influence future calf productivity

A

genetics & environment

44
Q

beef vs dairy calf feeding management (3)

A

dairy:
- restricted amounts of milk
- ad libitium supply of grains & some forage
- weaning: 8-12 weeks

beef:
- ad libitum milk
- forage & little grain
- weaning: 6-9 months

45
Q

2 problems with hutches

A

1) poor air quality
2) flies

46
Q

3 benefits of calf housing pens

A

1) reduces risk of disease
2) prevent cross suckling
3) protect from drafts

47
Q

pros & cons of group housing

A

pros:
- improved social interaction
cons:
- harder to observe illness / feed & water intake
- more competitive
- risk of disease transfer

48
Q

new code of practice will require calves are housed

A

socially

49
Q

2 disadvantages to individual housing

A

1) increased aggressiveness
2) increased fear responses

50
Q

social housing had positive or neutral effects on (4)

A
  • final body weight
  • average daily gain
  • solid feed intake
  • DMI
51
Q

social facilitation vs social learning

A

1) social facilitation: greater stimulation & attention towards the feed
2) social learning: 2 heads think better than one = more exploring

52
Q

neophobia

A

afraid of new feed

53
Q

rumen, reticulum, omasum & abomasum % of space in claf

A

rumen- 25%
reticulum- 5%
omasum- 10%
abomasum- 60%

54
Q

enzymes present in abomasum & pH environment

A

rennin & pepsin, low pH

55
Q

how is lactose broken down in abomasum? How fast does absorption occur?

A

glucose & galactose, quickly absorbed

56
Q

how are proteins broken down in abomasum? How fast does absorption occur?

A

leave the curd, broken into amino acids & peptides then absorbed, quickly

57
Q

how are lipids broken down in abomasum? How fast does absorption occur?

A

broken into fatty acids & glycerol, slowly released & absorbed

58
Q

milk fed on birth day, first week & day 6

A

birth -> colostrum
1st week -> transition milk
day 6-> whole milk or milk replacer

59
Q

2 advantages & disadvantages of whole milk

A

advantages:
- broad range of nutrients
- highly palatable

disadvantages:
- might not be homogenous
- degradable
- expensive

60
Q

calf milk pasteurizer can reduce (%) of pathogens

A

98-99%

61
Q

4 benefits of pasteurizing whole milk for calves

A

1) less sickness
2) lower mortality rates
3) lower health costs
4) heavier weights at weaning

62
Q

2 advantages & disadvantages of acidified milk

A

advantages:
- cheap
- easy to store

disadvantages:
- less palatable
- more separation = not homogenous

63
Q

3 advantages & disadvantages of milk replacer

A

advantages;
- cost effective
- homogenous
- not degradable

disadvantages:
- may lack nutrients
- less palatable
- mixing problems

64
Q

calves must ( ) their weight by weaning

A

double

65
Q

role of milk, starter & forage

A

milk: nutrients necessary for maintenance & slow growth

starter: rumen development & supplemental growth

forage: increase size of rumen

66
Q

calves fed milk & grain have more

A

rumen papillae

67
Q

conventional vs accelerated feeding programs

A

conventional: less milk fed, more frequently

accelerated: more milk fed, less frequently

68
Q

3 benefits of providing pre-choice water

A

1) increases weight gain -> helps establish ruminal micro fauna
2) eat more calf starter
3) decreased incidence of scours

69
Q

what is the most dramatic physiological challenge in young ruminants

A

transition to a ruminant

70
Q

2 benefits of a smooth transition

A

1) decreases morbidity & mortality
2) increases gain

71
Q

what 2 stomach compartments undergo most extensive changes

A

rumen & abomasum

72
Q

how do all 4 stomach compartments size change during transition to ruminant?

A

reticulum= no change
rumen= increases
omasum= decrease
abomasm= decrease

73
Q

2 benefits of calves fed concentrate compared to forages

A

1) match nutrient composition better
2) rapid increase in concentrate

74
Q

solid feed consumption makes up (%) of nutrient requirement

A

80%

75
Q

how are short chain fatty acids produced

A

metabolism of carbs

76
Q

functions of short chain fatty acids (2)

A

1) cellular growth / gut growth
2) alter blood flow -> more O2 to gut

77
Q

what is necessary to absorb short chain FA vs make

A

absorb: rumen epithelial development
make: rumen microbial development

78
Q

3 microorganisms in the rumen

A

protozoa, fungi & bacteria

79
Q

3 rumen characteristics at birth

A

1) no papillae visible
2) smooth surface
3) thin & transparent

80
Q

rumen papille protrude from

A

polyps

81
Q

5 factors that impact weaning

A

1) plane of nutrition
2) age
3) step down of milk
4) water
5) forage -> low quality

82
Q

calves in milk feeding stage will eat ( ), therefore have ( ) developed rumen

A

less, less

83
Q

calves in post-weaning stage will eat ( ), therefore have a ( ) developed rumen

A

more, more

84
Q

dairy vs beef transition off milk

A

beef- gradual
dairy- fast -> milk is expensive

85
Q

the older the calf, the ( ) the weaning process

A

easier

86
Q

more dramatic body weight gain in ( ) weaned calves

A

younger weaned calves

87
Q

starter intake is higher in ( ) weaned calves

A

early

88
Q

why does energy intake decrease at weaning?

A

cannot switch to where they are getting their energy fast enough

89
Q

T or F: straw provides lots of ME

A

F

90
Q

abrupt diet change cows would have ( ) body weights

A

lower

91
Q

ME intake is higher in ( ) diet change cows

A

abrupt

92
Q

what can occur if you wean calves too early?

A

increased risk of leaky gut

93
Q

Water intake is ( ) correlated with feed intake

A

directly

94
Q

starter vs forages function

A

starter
- VFA production
- higher in energy
- palatable

forages:
- low in energy
- ruminal abrasion
- bulk = stimulates gut movement
- rumination

95
Q

T or F: calves fed starter with small amounts of hay had higher feed intake

A

T

96
Q

1 advantage & disadvantage of feeding forages

A

advantage: stimulate rumen volume & motility

disadvantage: may reduce starter intake

97
Q

calves ate more starter & grew faster when provided ( ) or ( )

A

straw or hay

98
Q

is there a decrease or increase in feed efficiency after puberty

A

decrease

99
Q

2 advantages & 1 disadvantages of chopped forage

A

advantages:
- consistent forage intake
- ruminal abrasion

disadvantages:
- dusty

100
Q

what % of hay should starter diet be?

A

10-15%

101
Q

increase in concentrate = ( ) in DMI. Why?

A

decrease -> due to storage capacity in rumen

102
Q

at breeding, cows should be (%) of mature BW & (%) at calving

A

55, 85

103
Q

2 advantages of enhanced growth rates

A

1) less labour & feed costs
2) faster genetic gain

ANSC 460 (16 decks)

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