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ANSC 460 > Module 5- Mammary anatomy > Flashcards

Module 5- Mammary anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

the mammary gland is a ( ) gland, meaning that it releases hormones into the bloodstream

A

exocrine

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2
Q

main function of mammary gland

A

provide easy access to milk for the newborn

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3
Q

where are the connective tissues on the mammary gland

A

outside

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4
Q

rear quarters produce (%) of the milk

A

60%

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5
Q

support system of mammary gland (2)

A

ligaments & skin

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6
Q

milk secreting system

A

alveoli

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7
Q

duct system

A

drainage system

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8
Q

2 major groups of ligaments

A

median & lateral suspensory ligaments

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9
Q

what prevents a pendulous udder

A

strong support system -> median suspensory ligament allows udder to cave

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10
Q

support system for the mammary gland (6)

A

1) skin
2) coarse areolar
3) subpelvic tendon
4) lateral suspensory ligament
5) deep lateral suspensory ligament
6) median suspensory ligament

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11
Q

coarse areolar

A

cordlike tissue between dorsal surface & abdominal wall

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12
Q

subpelvic tendon

A

gives rise to superficial & deep lateral suspensory ligaments

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13
Q

lateral suspensory ligament

A

fibrous/elastic tissue arising SPT -> connected to areolar tissue

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14
Q

deep lateral suspensory ligament

A

substantial support, inner part arising from SPT

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15
Q

median suspensory ligaments

A

elastic sheets

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16
Q

weakness/damage of median suspensory ligament can cause

A

1) pendulous udder
-> harder to milk bc units are hard to attach
2) udder stretches downwards
3) incomplete milk removal = mastitis risk

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17
Q

median suspensory ligament attaches to

A

abdominal wall

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18
Q

T or F: genetic selection for strong median suspensory ligament is very effective

A

T

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19
Q

lateral suspensory ligament

A

inflexible fibrous tissue, extends down sides of the udder, provides interior support

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20
Q

where are mammary epithelial cells found

A

they line alveoli

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21
Q

myoepithelial cell funtion

A

oxytocin stimulates contraction of alveoli to squeeze milk into the lumen of alveoli and drain into the duct system

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22
Q

4 functions of the alveolus

A

1) remove nutrients from blood
2) transform nutrients into blood
3) discharge milk into duct system
4) immunological role

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23
Q

what minerals are extracted from blood for milk production

A

glucose, minerals & amino acids

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24
Q

what is the immunological role of the alveolous

A

have lymph system & blood system within mammary gland to deliver immune cells

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25
Q

pathway of milk secretion

A

alveolous -> lobule -> secondary duct -> primary duct -> gland cistern -> teat cistern -> streak canal

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26
Q

is the secondary or primary duct smaller

A

secondary

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27
Q

what is the MAJOR milk storage

A

alveoli

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28
Q

what happens to teats after milking

A

keratin plug closes streak canal to prevent bacteria from entering

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29
Q

furstenberg’s rosette (FR)

A

1st contact point of bacteria that travels into mammary gland

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30
Q

why do we want to stimulate cows to stand after milking?

A

so keratin plug can form

31
Q

how long does it take keratin plug to form?

A

20-40mins

32
Q

2 factors that effect how easy or hard of a milker a cow is

A

1) size of streak canal
2) tightness of sphincter muscle

33
Q

function of circulatory system of the udder

A

blood transports nutrients to udder

34
Q

the mammary gland filters ( ) kg of blood to produce 1kg of milk

A

400-500

35
Q

hormone function on mammary gland (2)

A

1) udder development
2) milk synthesis

36
Q

milk artery vs milk vein

A

artery- away from heart
vein- towards heart

37
Q

what is the primary regulator of milk volume

A

lactose

38
Q

if there is lots of lactose in the gland, what happens with milk production?

A

more water will be drawn in

39
Q

what is lactose made of

A

galactose & glucose

40
Q

whey protein is made of

A

beta-lactoglobulin & alpha-lactalbumin

41
Q

casein function

A

milk protein, responsible for delivering calcium to calves

42
Q

how are milk fats formed? (2 ways)

A

1) diet -> preformed fatty acids are secreted directly into milk
- long chain (16+ carbons)
2) de novo: cows make by absorbing acetate & butyrate from rumen
- short chain (less than 16 C)

43
Q

regulation of milk secretion

A

galactopoietic hormones

44
Q

how is milk synthesis stimulated in late gestation?

A

decrease in progesterone & increase in prolactin = colostrum production

45
Q

how is milk production maintained?

A

prolactin & growth hormone in circulation stimulate milk secreting cells in alveolus to increase milk activity & increase number of alveoli cells

46
Q

autocrine regulation by ( )

A

FIL -> feedback inhibitor of lactation

47
Q

milk accumulation in alveolus causes what

A

more pressure = negative impact on milk production

48
Q

T or F: milk traits are lowly heritable

A

T

49
Q

5 management factors that improve milk yield

A

1) nutrition
2) genetic selection
3) milking frequency / hormonal manipulation
4) environment factors
5) cow comfort & health

50
Q

persistency

A

rate of decline after peak milk yield

51
Q

T or F: functionality of milk cells start to decline after peak milk yield

A

T

52
Q

photoperiod management in lactating cows

A

16-18 hours light & 6-8 hours dark

53
Q

what does light do for milk production

A

inhibits metatonin release = increases prolactin = increases activity of milk secreting cells = increases milk production

54
Q

T or F: melatonin is bad for milk production

A

T

55
Q

photoperiod management in dry cows

A

16 hours dark, 8 hours light
-> produce more milk in subsequent lactation

56
Q

2 barriers of managing photoperiod in dry cows

A

1) need facilities to regulate light exposure
2) light intensity-> if not light enough = no effect

57
Q

growth hormone function

A

stimulates liver to produce IGF-1 = stimulates proliferation & metabolic activity of milk secreting cells

58
Q

prolactin functions

A

initiates & maintains lactation

59
Q

how are prolactin responses regulated? (1)

A

milking frequency
-> greater concentration with longer intervals in between milking

60
Q

carry over effects of frequent milking

A

1) higher peak lactation
2) more removal of bacteria & pressure in udder

61
Q

why does proliferation matter?

A

mammary epithelial cells will proliferate & go under apoptosis
-> frequent milking stimulates proliferation
-> increased # and functionality of cells = more milk secretion

62
Q

factors that limit persistency

A

1) pregnancy -> progesterone & estrogen = drop in milk
2) mastitis/metabolic disease = hinders production
3) stressors-> incomplete milking = more apoptosis

63
Q

purpose of dry period

A

allow cells to regenerate by undergoing apoptosis & need to regenerate

64
Q

what happens if there is no dry period

A

terminates the next lactation b/c cells need to completely turn over

65
Q

a dry period less than 60 days = (%) reduction in milk yield/ Whty?

A

7-10%, inadequate time for mammary cell growth

66
Q

how does a dry period work

A

reduce energy density of diet so they do not have enough nutrients to support milk production = increases mammary pressure = FIL accumulate = apoptosis relative to proliferation

67
Q

3 phases of mammary involution

A

1) active involution
2) steady-state involution
3) redevelopment & colostrogenesis

68
Q

active involution

A

1) milk accumulation
2) high susceptibility to intramammary infection due to lack of milk removal
3) treat with antibiotics
4) sealant b/c keratin plug is not fully developed

69
Q

stead-state involution

A

1) teats are sealed
2) nothing is proliferating
3) no milk
4) high lactoferrin & IgGs to prevent bacterial growth
5) apoptosis continues

70
Q

redevelopment & colostrogenesis

A
  • begins 3-4 weeks pre-partum 1) cell division & differentiation
    2) concentrations of major milk components increase
    3) leukocytes & lactoferrin decrease
    4) antibodies increase for colostrum
    5) leukocytes & lactoferrin decrease
    6) fluid accumulation
    7) teat leakage
71
Q

lactogenesis

A

drop in progesterone & increase in prolactin

72
Q

when is most risk for mastitis during dry period

A

early & late

73
Q

selective dry cow therapy

A

select animals based on SCC -> if below threshold = will not given antibiotics to prevent antimicrobial resistance

74
Q

teat sealants

A

broad spectrum antimicrobial

ANSC 460 (16 decks)

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