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Biochemistry 2 > Module 6 (Biochem Bioenergetics) > Flashcards

Module 6 (Biochem Bioenergetics) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed
cannot gain or lose energy in a closed system

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2
Q

What does conversion of one form of energy to another lead to?

A

a loss of energy in the form of heat

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3
Q

High or low potential energy: high organized system

A

high potential energy

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4
Q

What is entropy?

A

high chaos, high measure of disorder

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5
Q

High or low potential energy: disorganized
system (high entropy)

A

low potential energy

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6
Q

What is the natural trend toward?

A

towards high chaos (en-
tropy) and low potential energy
to find the most stale state
in a system

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7
Q

Metabolism=

A

catabolism + anabolism

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8
Q

Define metabolism

A

sum of all biochemical re-
actions

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9
Q

Define catabolism

A

sum of all degradative reactions

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10
Q

Define anabolism

A

sum of all biosynthetic re-
actions

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11
Q

What do catabolic pathways result in?

A

generation of energy (ATP)

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12
Q

Anabolic pathways:

A

require ATP and reduced
electron carriers

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13
Q

Citrate is a C____ compound

A

6

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14
Q

What catalyzes the transfer of phosphate
groups from one organic molecule to another?

A

kinases

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15
Q

In the CAC cycle, what does acetyl-CoA get
combined with to form citrate?

A

oxaloacetate

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16
Q

Fermentation converts NADH to NAD+ so it
can be used in:

A

glycolysis

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17
Q

What coenzyme relies on fiboflavin?

A

FAD

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18
Q

What metabolite is the point of convergence
of carbohydrate, fat, and protein catabolism
for the purpose of ATP production?

A

acetyl-CoA

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19
Q

In what way do catabolic pathways deliver
chemical energy?

A

in the form of:
ATP. NADH, NADPH,
FADH2

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20
Q

What pathway converts small precursor molecules into cellular macromolecules?

A

anabolic

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21
Q

Where do anabolic pathways get electrons
from to reduce carbon?

A

NADH, NADPH, FADH2

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22
Q

What do anabolic pathways do?

A

require energy and reduce
carbon

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23
Q

What is the most highly oxidized form of carbon found in living systems?

A

CO2

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24
Q

What compounds have the highest potential
to be oxidized?

A

hydrocarbons

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25
Q

What type of organisms use photosynthesis?

A

phototrophs

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26
Q

What type of organisms use cellular respiration?

A

heterotrophs

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27
Q

What happens during cellular respiration to
glucose?

A

it is oxidized all the way to
CO2 and H2O
results in ATP

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28
Q

Relationship between photosynthesis and
cellular respiration

A

same contents, go in oppo-
site directions
photo = sunlight
resp = ATP

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29
Q

What happens to CO2 in photosynthesis?

A

gets reduced back to organic carbon

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30
Q

What pathway is cellular respiration?

A

catabolism

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31
Q

What macronutrients are used in cellular respiration?

A

amino acids (proteins)
fatty acids (fats)
glucose (carbs)

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32
Q

Stage 1 of cellular respiration:

A

oxidation of macronutrients
to get acetyl-CoA
produces some electrons

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33
Q

Stage 2 of cellular respiration:

A

oxidation of acetyl groups
in CAC

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34
Q

What happens to carbon in step 2 of cellular
respiration?

A

carbon gets oxidized
lots of electrons are produced

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35
Q

What are the universal electron carriers/re-
duced electron carriers?

A

NADH
FADH2

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36
Q

How many steps are there in the CAC which
abstract electrons?

A

4

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36
Q

What carries the electrons from stage 2 to
stage 3 of cellular respiration?

A

NADH and FADH2

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37
Q

Stage 3 of cellular respiration:

A

electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation

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38
Q

In stage 3, where do the electrons go?

A

funneled into respiratory
(electron-transfer) chain

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39
Q

What do the electrons in stage 3 do?

A

attach to oxygen (reducing
it), forming H2O

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40
Q

What does the flow of electrons in stage 3
produce?

A

drives production of ATP

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41
Q

What stages of cellular respiration oxidize
carbon?

A

1 and 2

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42
Q

What stages of cellular respiration reduce
oxygen?

A

3

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43
Q

What is the macronutrient make-up of ATP?

A

nucleotide

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44
Q

What stages do the electrons come from in
cellular respiration?

A

1 and 2

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45
Q

What is the universal energy carrier?

A

ATP

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46
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

energy production in the
form of ATP

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47
Q

What type of process is glycolysis?

A

catabolic

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48
Q

What is glycolysis and how many phases?

A

splitting of sugar
2 phases

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49
Q

How many enzymatic steps take place in glycolysis?

A

10

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50
Q

What is special about the enzymes in glycolysis?

A

magnesium dependent

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51
Q

What is a cofactor of many enzymes in glycolysis?

A

magnesium

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52
Q

In glycolysis, what is produced for each glu-
cose molecule?

A

2 NADH
2 ATP

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53
Q

What is the primary source of metabolic en-
ergy in mammalian tissues and cell types?

A

glycolysis

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54
Q

What happens to glucose in glycolysis?

A

oxidized to 2 molecules of
pyruvate

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55
Q

What is energy conserved as in glycolysis?

A

ATP and NADH

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56
Q

What is required for glycolysis to start?

A

2 NAD+

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57
Q

Reversible or not: kinase activity

A

non-reversible

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58
Q

Reversible or not: phosphatase activity

A

non-reversible

59
Q

Reversible or not: isomerase reactions

A

reversible

60
Q

What removes a phosphate group, yielding
inorganic phosphate (Pi)?

A

phosphatase

61
Q

What catalyzes the formation of an isomer of
the substrate (requires breaking a bond)?

A

isomerase

62
Q

What catalyzes the redox reactions of coen-
zyme NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2?

A

dehydrogenase

63
Q

What stage of cellular respiration does gly-
colysis occur for glucose?

A

1

64
Q

What stage does the CAC occur in cellular
respiration?

A

2

65
Q

Where does the CAC/Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

66
Q

What process involves going from large molecules to smaller ones?

A

catabolic

67
Q

What is the CAC yield per acetyl-CoA?

A

2 CO2 (waste)
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP

68
Q

Where do the products of NADH and FADH2
from the CAC go?

A

into electron transport
chain in stage 3 of cellular
respiration to produce ATP

69
Q

How do you find the glucose yield of the
CAC?

A

multiply its products from
acetyl-CoA by 2

70
Q

Practice CAC diagram

A
71
Q

Most of the reactions in the CAC are…

A

reversible

72
Q

What is carbon oxidized to in stages 1 and 2
in cellular respiration?

A

completely oxidized to
CO2

73
Q

Which of the following cannot be a cofactor
or coenzyme?

A

a polypeptide

74
Q

Vitamins that can be micronutrients requirements

A

B1-5

75
Q

Minerals that can be micronutrient require-
ments

A

magnesium, iron, copper

76
Q

B1, thiamin

A

coenzyme TPP

77
Q

B2, riboflavin

A

coenzyme FAD

78
Q

B3, niacin

A

coenzymes NAD+ and
NADP+

79
Q

B5, pantothenic acid

A

coenzyme A

80
Q

When does fermentation occur?

A

anaerobic conditions in
skeletal muscle
no mitochondria (red blood
cells)

81
Q

What do RBCs use to produce ATP?

A

fermentation

82
Q

What happens during the fermentation
process?

A

NADH is recycled back into
NAD+ to be used in glycol-
ysis

83
Q

citric acid formula

A
84
Q

citrate formula

A
85
Q

The reactants of cellular respiration of glu-
cose + 6O2 have…

A

high potential energy

86
Q

The products of cellular respiration equation
of 6CO2 + 6H2O have…

A

low potential energy

87
Q

What are the links between oxidation and re-
duction?

A

NADH and FADH2

88
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take
place?

A

inner membrane of mito-
chondria

89
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation =

A

ETC + ATP synthesis

90
Q

What are the micronutrients for the ETC?

A

iron, copper, riboflavin
(FMN, FAD)

91
Q

How many metabolites are in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

8

92
Q

How many enzymes are in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

8

93
Q

What type of process is the Kreb’s cycle?

A

anabolic
going from 2 smaller molecules to 1 larger

94
Q

Where does the energy come from to de-
crease entropy in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

high energy bond between
acetyl group and coenzyme A

95
Q

Stages of fatty acid oxidation

A
  1. CAC
  2. oxidative phosphorylation
96
Q

Stage 1 of fatty acid oxidation

A

4 recurring enzymatic reactions
long chain fatty acid oxidized to yield acetyl-coA

97
Q

What is required for stage 1 of fatty acid oxi-
dation?

A

must be at least 4 satu-
rated carbons or saturated
fatty acids

98
Q

What breaks down triacylglycerols?

A

lipases

99
Q

Triacylglycerol –>

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol

100
Q

What is the cost of activation for fatty acid
catabolism?

A

2 ATP

101
Q

Fatty acid –>

A

fatty acyl-CoA
(then goes to beta oxida-
tion)

102
Q

What does beta oxidation of fatty acyl-CoA
yield?

A

1 NADH
1 FADH2
1 acetyl-coA

103
Q

What does the last cycle of fat catabolism
lead to?

A

2 acetyl-CoA

104
Q

What breaks down protein in amino acid ca-
tabolism?

A

proteases

105
Q

Protein –>

A

amino acids

106
Q

Amino acids –>

A

NH4 + metabolites (C, H,
O)

107
Q

What does NH4 get converted to?

A

nontoxic urea (waste) and
disposed

108
Q

What do the metabolites from amino acid catabolism get converted into?

A

pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
or just straight to
acetyl-CoA

109
Q

Once something is converted to acetyl-CoA,
where does it go?

A

Kreb’s cycle, then oxidative
phosphorylation

110
Q

Overall yield of ATP per glucose

A

30-32 ATP

111
Q

What does ATP per fatty acid depend on?

A

size of fatty acid produced
in beta oxidation
physiological state of the
human body

112
Q

What does ATP per amino acid depend on?

A

which amino acid
physiological state of hu-
man body

113
Q

What happens chemically during fermentation?

A

keytone group in pyruvate
gets reduced to hydroxyl
group

114
Q

How many electrons are needed to re-
duce carbonyl group in pyruvate to hydroxyl
group?

A

2 electrons from NADH

115
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

116
Q

What is the starting point of the preparatory
phase of glycolysis?

A

glucose

117
Q

What is the end point of the preparatory
phase of glycolysis?

A

glyceraldehyde 3-P

118
Q

What is the starting point of the pay-off phase
of glycolysis?

A

glyceraldehyde 3-P

119
Q

What is the cost of glucose being energetical-
ly activated or to make it more reactive?

A

2 ATP

120
Q

What happens during the preparatory phase
of glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation of glucose
and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

121
Q

For each glucose molecule, how many glyc-
eraldehyde 3-P molecules are formed?

A

2

122
Q

How many ATP are produced in the payoff
phase of glycolysis?

A

4

123
Q

What are the 2 regulated enzymes involved in
the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase

124
Q

Isomer of glyceraldehyde 3-P

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

125
Q

Which enzyme is involved in the first priming
reaction of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase

126
Q

What is produced during the first and second
priming reaction?

A

ATP to ADP

127
Q

Which enzyme is involved in the second priming reaction of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase

128
Q

During the preparatory phase of glycolysis, 2
ATP are invested to activate glucose to:

A

fructose 1,6-biphosphate

129
Q

Glucose

A

C6

130
Q

Pyruvate

A

C3

131
Q

What is the starting point of the glycolysis
pay-off phase?

A

glyceraldehyde 3-P

132
Q

What is the end point of the glycolysis pay-off
phase?

A

pyruvate

133
Q

What is the regulated enzyme involved in the
glycolysis pay-off phase?

A

pyruvate kinase

134
Q

The potential energy of the 2 molecules of
glyceraldehyde 3-P metabolite can be reaped
as:

A

2 NADH and 4ATP per glucose

135
Q

What is glyceraldehyde 3-P derived from?

A

glucose

136
Q

Where does glyceraldehyde 3-P get oxidized
at in the payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

C-1

137
Q

What is the yield per 1 glyceraldehyde 3-P
metabolite in pay off phase:

A

1 NADH and 2 ATP

138
Q

What phase of glycolysis: oxidative conver-
sion of glyceraldehyde 3-P to pyruvate and
the coupled formation of ATP and NADH

A

pay off phase

139
Q

How many pyruvate are reaped from 1 glu-
cose in glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate

140
Q

What can glycolysis be revered into in order
to increase blood glucose level in times of
starvation?

A

gluconeogenesis

141
Q

What happens during the last step in stage 1
after glycolysis?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase
complex

142
Q

Where is the pyruvate dehydrogenase com-
plex located?

A

matrix of mitochondria

143
Q

What is the first step in the PDH complex?

A

decarboxylation, removal
of a carbon atom from
pyruvate

144
Q

What does the pyruvate dehydrogenase com-
plex do?

A

catalyzes the conversion of
pyruvate into acetyl-CoA

145
Q

What does the oxidative decarboxylation pro-
duce?

A

NADH, CO2

Biochemistry 2 (15 decks)

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