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Biochemistry 2 > Module 3 Unit 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many sacral segments are fused in adulthood?

A

5 sacral segments

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2
Q

Is the posterior surface of the sacrum concave or convex? What curve is this? Where does it articulate?

A

Convex; kyphosis

It articulate with the lateral edges of the ilium

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3
Q

What is the shape of the sacral base? Where does it face?

A

Oval/round
anterior/superior

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4
Q

What is the clinical importance of sacral promontory?

A

Osteophytes with spondyolisthesis of L5

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5
Q

What are the portions of the posterior sacrum?

A

Pedicles
Laminae
Tubercles
Sacral canal

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6
Q

Is the superior articular process of the sacrum concave or convex? What directions do they face?

A

Concave
Faces posterior and medial

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7
Q

What are the ‘wings’ of the sacral called? This is a common diagnosis for what?

A

Ala

Common location for stress fractures in osteoporotic patients

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8
Q

What are the typical sacral insufficiency fracture pattern? How are they classified?

A

Occurs when the quality of the sacral bone has become insufficient to handle the stress of weight bearing

They are classified into 3 zones.

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9
Q

What are the portions of the anterior surface of the sacrum?

A

4 osseous ridges
4 pair of sacral foramina
- ventral rami of sacral nerves
Apex of sacrum articulates w/ coccyx
- oval facet

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10
Q

What are the portions of the posterior surface of the sacrum?

A

Convex top to bottom
Rough
- Median sacral crest (3-4 tubercles)
- Intermediate sacral crest
- Lateral sacral crest
Sacral hiatus
- No fusion of 5th laminae
4 dorsal sacral foramina
- dorsal rami
Sacral cornu
Sacral groove
- Fused lamina
Lateral sacral crest
- Remnant TP’s fused together

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11
Q

What are the portions of the lateral surface of the sacrum?

A

Wide superiorly
Transverse and costal remnants fuse
Large articular surface
- Auricular surface
- From S1-S2
- Thick hyaline cartilage
— 3x that of ilium

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12
Q

What are the shape of the sacral canal? What directions does it open to?

A

Triangular shaped

Opens superiorly and inferiorly

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13
Q

How many segments of the coccyx? What are the shape of the facets? What are the horns of the coccyx called?

A

4 segments

Oval facets

The horns are called cornu

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14
Q

What are the 3 portions of the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium, Ischium, Pubic bones

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15
Q

What are is the Y-shaped epiphyseal plate called? What are the junctions that make up the Y-shaped epiphyseal plate?

A

Triradiate Cartilage is made up of ischium, ilium, and pubis

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16
Q

When does the triradiate cartilage close in males and females?

A

Closure/ fusion for males at 15-16 years old and females at 13-14 years old

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17
Q

What are the difference between a male and female pelvis?

A

Male pelvis:
- Taller
- Narrower
- V-shaped/conical

Female pelvis:
- Shorter
- Wider
- Cylindrical
— Sacrum/coccyx don’t curve forward as much
— Ischial spines

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18
Q

What are the anterior borders of the ilium? What are they attachment sites for? What part of the acetabulum?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) attachment for sartoius
Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) attachment for rectus femoris

Top of the acetabulum

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19
Q

What are the posterior borders of the ilium? What are the notches? Where does it merge on the posterior side?

A

Posterior superior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
- Merges with the ischium

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20
Q

How much of the medial surface of the ilium is the anterior and the posterior portions?

A

Iliac fossa - Anterior 2/3
Sacropelvic area - Posterior 1/3

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21
Q

What does the sacropelvic area of the ilium?

A

Articular surface - fits in the surface of the sacrum
Iliac tuberosity - sacroiliac ligaments attach
Pelvic surface - bends into the iliopectinal line

22
Q

What is the pelvic brim?

A

A line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic symphysis

23
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

Lies above the pelvic brim - contains the ASIS and AIIS

24
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

Lies below the pelvic brim - contains the PSIS and most ischium and pubis

25
Q

What is the pelvic axis?

A

Path of baby during birth - between the false pelvis and true pelvis

26
Q

What are the directions are the anterior aspect and posterior aspect and size (convex or concave) (large or small)? What is it an attachment to?

A

Anterior aspect - convex and small
Posterior aspect - concave and large
Attachment for the iliacus muscle

27
Q

What are the gluteal surfaces and what muscles attach there?

A

Inferior gluteal line - Rectus femoris attaches below AIIS
Anterior gluteal line (middle line) - gluteus minimus attaches below; gluteus medius attaches above
Posterior gluteal line - Gluteus Maximus attaches behind

28
Q

What are the major landmarks on the ischium?

A

Body & ramus
Ischial spine - separates greater/lesser sciatic notch

29
Q

What is considered the sit bone? What attaches to it?

A

Ischial tuberosity

Muscles: biceps femoris
Semimembranosis
Semitendinosis

30
Q

What is the ramus of the ischium?

A

The ramus curves forward and connects with the pubis

31
Q

What connects the two pubis bones?

A

Symphysis

32
Q

What ligament attaches from the ASIS and pubic tubercle?

A

Inguinal ligament

33
Q

What is the hip socket called? What 3 bones make it?

A

Acetabulum

Inferior portion of the Ilium, Posterior portion of the pubis, anterior portion of the ischium

34
Q

What is the obturator foramen? How do the shapes differ in males vs females?

A

Ischium and pubis
Females: Smaller/triangular
Males: Larger/oval

35
Q

Describe the Obturator canal. What runs through the canal?

A

Blood vessels & obturator nerve exit pelvis, into thigh
- Obturator nerve = L2-4 nerve roots

This nerve innervates
- Obturator externus
- Adductor magus, longus, brevis
- Gracilis

36
Q

Where does the iliolumbar continue?

A

Upper band - attaches to the posterior portion of iliac crest
Lower band (limbo sacral ligament) - attaches to the anterior lateral portion of the sacral ala

37
Q

Why is the iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament clinically significant?

A

If there is asymmetry can cause deviation from normal biomechanical forces.

38
Q

What are the attachment points of the anterior sacroiliac ligament?

A

Thickening of the anterior and inferior portions of the SI joint capsule

39
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament attach? What does it protect?

A

Connects ASIS to pubic tubercle
Protects soft tissues underneath
- nerve
- artery
- vein
- lymphatics
(NAVL)

40
Q

What does the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament resemble?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

41
Q

Where are the pubic ligaments located?

A

Superior - across the top of the pubic symphysis
Inferior - Bottom of pubic symphysis (AKA: arcuate ligament)

42
Q

Where does the Mamillo-Accessory Ligament (MAL) attach? What runs through the foramen?

A

From the maxillary process to accessory process
medial branch of the posterior ramus
- Innervation: facet joints and some fibers of multifidus

43
Q

Where do the long and short posterior sacroiliac ligaments run? What directions are the fibers in the long and short ligaments?

A

Long - vertical fibers
- Connects: S3-4 tubercles; intermediate & lateral crests, PSIS, Sacrotuberous ligament

Short - horizontal fibers
- Connects: S1-2 tubercles, iliac tuberosity, PSIS

44
Q

What is the strongest ligament? Where does it attach?

A

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament attaches at the sacrual and iliac tuberosities

45
Q

What does the articular ligament hold together?

A

Margins of the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium

46
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament attach to?
What tendon does it blend with?

A

Connects to inferolateral sacrum and ischial tuberosity; also connects to PIIS/PSIS

Blends with tendon of the long head of the biceps femoris

47
Q

What shape is the sacrospinous ligament? Where does it connect? Where does it limit movement?

A

Triangular shape
Connects:
- lateral portion of sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine

Limits movement between the sacrum and ilium/ischium

48
Q

What muscle and nerve passes through the great sciatic foramen?

A

Piriformis
- O: anterior sacrum
- I: greater trochanter
- A: external rotation of hip

Sciatic nerve
- Deep/inferior to piriformis

49
Q

What makes up the lesser sciatic foramen? What muscle and nerve passes through?

A

Anterior border: body of ischium
Posterior border: sacrotuberous ligament
Superior border: Sacrospinous ligament & ischial spine

Muscle and nerve passing though:
- Obturator internus
- Obturator nerve

50
Q

What are the posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments? What does the more superficial ligament protect?

A

Superficial: Continuation of the ligamentum flavum
- Protects the S5 and coccygeal nerves

Deep: Continuation of the PLL
- From the posterior ‘body’ of S5
- To the surface of coccyx

51
Q

Where does the lateral sacrococcygeal ligament connect? What does it form?

A

Connects to the inferior/lateral sacrum to transverse process of coccyx
Forms the foramen for S5 nerve root

52
Q

Where does the intercornual ligament attach?

A

Between sacral cornu and coccygeal cornu on same side (fibers run vertically)

Biochemistry 2 (8 decks)

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