Module 4 (ChatGPT) Flashcards
What type of cells make up adipose tissue?
Adipocytes.
From what do adipocytes originate?
Embryonic mesenchyme as lipoblasts.
What primary function does adipose tissue serve?
Storage of neutral fats for energy.
Which hormone is produced by adipocytes to regulate appetite?
Leptin.
Name two additional functions of adipose tissue.
Insulation and cushioning.
Where are adipose tissue cushions found in the body?
Palms, heels, toes.
How much of body weight is typically made up of adipose tissue?
15-20%.
What happens to adipocyte size in adulthood during weight gain?
They increase by storing more lipid droplets.
What are the two types of adipose tissue?
White and brown adipose tissue.
What is the role of caveolae in adipocytes?
Involved in lipid trafficking.
Where is white adipose tissue commonly located?
Under the skin (hypodermis).
What role does white adipose play in thermal insulation?
Provides insulation in regions like the belly and thighs.
Where in the cell are the nucleus and cytoplasm located in white adipocytes?
Pushed to the periphery.
Why does white adipose appear empty in microscopy images?
Lipid dissolves during staining.
How do hormones affect white adipose distribution?
Hormonal changes influence distribution, especially during puberty.
What are carotenoids’ impact on white adipose?
Affect its color when dissolved.
Name a key metabolic hormone produced by adipocytes.
Leptin.
Which organ surrounds retroperitoneal adipose tissue?
Kidneys.
What protein allows brown adipocytes to release energy as heat?
Thermogenin (UCP1).
Why is brown adipose tissue abundant in infants?
To prevent heat loss.
What characteristic do all types of cartilage share?
Avascularity (lack of blood vessels).
How do cartilage cells receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from the surrounding perichondrium.
What is the role of lacunae in cartilage?
Space surrounding chondrocytes after cell shrinkage.
Name the young, active cells that secrete cartilage matrix.
Chondroblasts.
What are chondrocytes?
Mature cartilage cells that are less active.
Define ‘isogenic group’ in cartilage.
A group of cells that come from the same mother cell.
Which cartilage does not have a perichondrium?
Joint (articular) cartilage.
What fibers are present in the perichondrium?
Collagen type I.
What role does the perichondrium play in cartilage?
Supports growth and maintenance.
What are proteoglycans, and why are they important in cartilage?
Molecules that bind water, providing flexibility.
Which type of cartilage is composed of 75% water?
Hyaline cartilage.
What is the main fiber in hyaline cartilage?
Collagen type II.
What is the territorial matrix in cartilage?
The matrix immediately surrounding chondrocytes, rich in proteoglycans.
What is the interterritorial matrix?
Matrix between cells, rich in collagen type II.
What are ‘nest cells’ in hyaline cartilage?
Groups of cells from the same mother cell.
How does cartilage act as a shock absorber?
Through its highly sulfated ground substance.
What staining difference distinguishes elastic cartilage?
Darker staining due to elastic fibers.
What type of cartilage contains both dense connective tissue and hyaline characteristics?
Fibrocartilage.
Which cartilage type is found in the ear pinna and epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage.
What is the main function of the territorial matrix?
Supporting individual chondrocytes.
How does cartilage differ from other connective tissues?
It is avascular and lacks nerves.
Where are chondrocytes located in cartilage?
Within lacunae.
What is the main function of chondroblasts?
To secrete the cartilage matrix.
Why are proteoglycans crucial in cartilage?
They retain water, contributing to flexibility and shock absorption.
What role does hyaline cartilage play in bone formation?
Acts as a template for long and irregular bone formation.
Which cartilage type contains visible collagen type I fibers?
Fibrocartilage.
Why is articular cartilage dependent on synovial fluid?
Lacks perichondrium for nutrient supply.
Where in the body can fibrocartilage be found?
Intervertebral discs and knee meniscus.
What collagen
differentiates fibrocartilage histology?
Collagen type I fibers.
How do perichondrium and synovial fluid differ in function?
Both supply nutrients, but the perichondrium surrounds most cartilage types, while synovial fluid nourishes articular cartilage.
Define lacuna.
A space surrounding a chondrocyte within the cartilage matrix.
What role does brown adipose play in thermogenesis?
Releases energy as heat via thermogenin.
Which cells secrete cartilage matrix during cartilage growth?
Chondroblasts.
What structure surrounds most cartilages?
Perichondrium.
How does brown adipose tissue produce heat without shivering?
Through non-shivering thermogenesis.
Where is white adipose tissue located in the skin?
Hypodermis.
What makes adipose tissue highly vascular?
Large numbers of blood vessels surrounding adipocytes.
What factor in cartilage binds water for shock absorption?
Highly sulfated ground substance in proteoglycans.
Which adipose tissue is thermogenic?
Brown adipose.
What unique structural feature distinguishes brown adipocytes?
Central nucleus, not pushed to the periphery.
