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Biochemistry 2 > Module 4 (ChatGPT) > Flashcards

Module 4 (ChatGPT) Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells make up adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes.

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2
Q

From what do adipocytes originate?

A

Embryonic mesenchyme as lipoblasts.

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3
Q

What primary function does adipose tissue serve?

A

Storage of neutral fats for energy.

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4
Q

Which hormone is produced by adipocytes to regulate appetite?

A

Leptin.

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5
Q

Name two additional functions of adipose tissue.

A

Insulation and cushioning.

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6
Q

Where are adipose tissue cushions found in the body?

A

Palms, heels, toes.

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7
Q

How much of body weight is typically made up of adipose tissue?

A

15-20%.

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8
Q

What happens to adipocyte size in adulthood during weight gain?

A

They increase by storing more lipid droplets.

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9
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

A

White and brown adipose tissue.

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10
Q

What is the role of caveolae in adipocytes?

A

Involved in lipid trafficking.

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11
Q

Where is white adipose tissue commonly located?

A

Under the skin (hypodermis).

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12
Q

What role does white adipose play in thermal insulation?

A

Provides insulation in regions like the belly and thighs.

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13
Q

Where in the cell are the nucleus and cytoplasm located in white adipocytes?

A

Pushed to the periphery.

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14
Q

Why does white adipose appear empty in microscopy images?

A

Lipid dissolves during staining.

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15
Q

How do hormones affect white adipose distribution?

A

Hormonal changes influence distribution, especially during puberty.

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16
Q

What are carotenoids’ impact on white adipose?

A

Affect its color when dissolved.

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17
Q

Name a key metabolic hormone produced by adipocytes.

A

Leptin.

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18
Q

Which organ surrounds retroperitoneal adipose tissue?

A

Kidneys.

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19
Q

What protein allows brown adipocytes to release energy as heat?

A

Thermogenin (UCP1).

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20
Q

Why is brown adipose tissue abundant in infants?

A

To prevent heat loss.

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21
Q

What characteristic do all types of cartilage share?

A

Avascularity (lack of blood vessels).

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22
Q

How do cartilage cells receive nutrients?

A

Through diffusion from the surrounding perichondrium.

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23
Q

What is the role of lacunae in cartilage?

A

Space surrounding chondrocytes after cell shrinkage.

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24
Q

Name the young, active cells that secrete cartilage matrix.

A

Chondroblasts.

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25
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Mature cartilage cells that are less active.

26
Q

Define ‘isogenic group’ in cartilage.

A

A group of cells that come from the same mother cell.

27
Q

Which cartilage does not have a perichondrium?

A

Joint (articular) cartilage.

28
Q

What fibers are present in the perichondrium?

A

Collagen type I.

29
Q

What role does the perichondrium play in cartilage?

A

Supports growth and maintenance.

30
Q

What are proteoglycans, and why are they important in cartilage?

A

Molecules that bind water, providing flexibility.

31
Q

Which type of cartilage is composed of 75% water?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

32
Q

What is the main fiber in hyaline cartilage?

A

Collagen type II.

33
Q

What is the territorial matrix in cartilage?

A

The matrix immediately surrounding chondrocytes, rich in proteoglycans.

34
Q

What is the interterritorial matrix?

A

Matrix between cells, rich in collagen type II.

35
Q

What are ‘nest cells’ in hyaline cartilage?

A

Groups of cells from the same mother cell.

36
Q

How does cartilage act as a shock absorber?

A

Through its highly sulfated ground substance.

37
Q

What staining difference distinguishes elastic cartilage?

A

Darker staining due to elastic fibers.

38
Q

What type of cartilage contains both dense connective tissue and hyaline characteristics?

A

Fibrocartilage.

39
Q

Which cartilage type is found in the ear pinna and epiglottis?

A

Elastic cartilage.

40
Q

What is the main function of the territorial matrix?

A

Supporting individual chondrocytes.

41
Q

How does cartilage differ from other connective tissues?

A

It is avascular and lacks nerves.

42
Q

Where are chondrocytes located in cartilage?

A

Within lacunae.

43
Q

What is the main function of chondroblasts?

A

To secrete the cartilage matrix.

44
Q

Why are proteoglycans crucial in cartilage?

A

They retain water, contributing to flexibility and shock absorption.

45
Q

What role does hyaline cartilage play in bone formation?

A

Acts as a template for long and irregular bone formation.

46
Q

Which cartilage type contains visible collagen type I fibers?

A

Fibrocartilage.

47
Q

Why is articular cartilage dependent on synovial fluid?

A

Lacks perichondrium for nutrient supply.

48
Q

Where in the body can fibrocartilage be found?

A

Intervertebral discs and knee meniscus.

49
Q

What collagen
differentiates fibrocartilage histology?

A

Collagen type I fibers.

50
Q

How do perichondrium and synovial fluid differ in function?

A

Both supply nutrients, but the perichondrium surrounds most cartilage types, while synovial fluid nourishes articular cartilage.

51
Q

Define lacuna.

A

A space surrounding a chondrocyte within the cartilage matrix.

52
Q

What role does brown adipose play in thermogenesis?

A

Releases energy as heat via thermogenin.

53
Q

Which cells secrete cartilage matrix during cartilage growth?

A

Chondroblasts.

54
Q

What structure surrounds most cartilages?

A

Perichondrium.

55
Q

How does brown adipose tissue produce heat without shivering?

A

Through non-shivering thermogenesis.

56
Q

Where is white adipose tissue located in the skin?

A

Hypodermis.

57
Q

What makes adipose tissue highly vascular?

A

Large numbers of blood vessels surrounding adipocytes.

58
Q

What factor in cartilage binds water for shock absorption?

A

Highly sulfated ground substance in proteoglycans.

59
Q

Which adipose tissue is thermogenic?

A

Brown adipose.

60
Q

What unique structural feature distinguishes brown adipocytes?

A

Central nucleus, not pushed to the periphery.

Biochemistry 2 (15 decks)

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