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Bio Med > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology is the study of?

A

Microbes

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2
Q

Name the 3 Microorganisms?

A

Bacteria
parasites
Fungi

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3
Q

Name 2 microbes that are not organisms?

A

Virus

Prions

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4
Q

Monera is?

A

Bacteria that is a prokaryotes(no true nucleus)

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

semi-fluid substance that fills inner cellular space. Primarily water with carbohydrates, lipids and enzymes.

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis center

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7
Q

Nucleoid

A

Nuclear region, not a nucleus

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8
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

granules and vesicles. Store molecules essential to cell function. i.e. glycogen

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9
Q

Plasmids

A

extra-chromosomal DNA important for transfer of genetic material.

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10
Q

Capsule

A

contributes to pathogenicity. a protective structure that serves as a defense mechanism.

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11
Q

Cell Wall

A

Provides shape and stability. Contains peptidoglycan-large polymer resembling a chain link fence. Many antibiotics target the cell wall

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12
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Regulates transport of material in and out of the cell.

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13
Q

About 1/2 of bacteria are what?

A

Motile possessing flagella

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14
Q

Pilli

A

tube-like projections not associated with motility.

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of pili

A

Facilitated adherence

exchange of genetic information.

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16
Q

Bacteria are characterized by their?

A

Shape, arrangement and their stain characteristics

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17
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Purple…thick layer of peptidoglycan retains crystal violet (blue) dye.

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18
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

Pink…thin layer of peptidoglycan and high lipoprotein content; releases crystal violet dye when rinsed with alcohol or acetone. The safranin (pink) counterstain is retained.

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19
Q

Enriched media

A

encourages the growth of most bacteria. ex. Sheep’s blood agar (SBA)

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20
Q

Selective media

A

encourages the growth of some bacteria while inhibiting others. ex. MacConkey agar for Gram-negative organisms

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21
Q

Differential media

A

groups bacteria based on the fermentation of carbohydrates. ex. MacConkey agar is both selective and differential.

22
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

require atmospheric oxygen. ex. mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

23
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

require an environment with NO oxygen. Ex. Clostridium species. (botulism and tetanus)

24
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

can function in an oxygen-poor or oxygen-rich environment. ex. E.coli, staphylococcus, Streptococcus

25
Q

Microaerophils

A

require reduced oxygen and increased CO2. ex. Campylobacter.

26
Q

Binary fission or cell replication

A

describes cell division in bacteria. Do not have a cell cycle. they are continuously dividing and replicating their DNA.

27
Q

Lag Phase

A

gear-up phase. Organisms not greatly increasing in number, but they are metabolically active. Growing, synthesizing enzymes, and producing large amounts of ATP.

28
Q

Log Phase

A

Once the bacteria have adapted to their nutrient-rich environment, growth is exponential (logarithmic).

29
Q

Log Phase

A

Generation time: genetically determined period of logarithmic growth. How often the organism divides varies by species (minutes to hours).

30
Q

Stationary phase

A

when the number of new cells produced is the same as the number of cells dying. Cells are running out of nutrients.

31
Q

Decline (death) Phase

A

The number of cells dying is greater than the number of new cells arising from division.

32
Q

Symbiosis means

A

Living together

33
Q

Mutualism

A

both the host and the microorganism benefit. ex. E. coli, a bacterium that lives in the large intestine.

34
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits, the other is harmed. ex. tapeworm, Malaria

35
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits, the other is neutral. ex. skin bacteria.

36
Q

Pathogenic Mechanism Adherence

A

Bacteria use their pili to cling to the surface of host cells, multiply and form colonies.

37
Q

Pathogenic Mechansim Colonization

A

Once in place within the host tissue, bacterial replication forms colonies, and may overcome host defenses.

38
Q

Pathogenic Mechanism Formation of a capsule

A

In certain pathogens the capsule contributes to the organism’s virulence because this thick, polysaccharide structure helps organisms resist host defense processes.

39
Q

Pathogenicity

A

refers to an organism’s ability to cause disease. Patho-disease genic-creation.

40
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

attacks hyaluronic acid, the ground substance of loose connective tissue. Contributes to ease of spread. (spreading disease or bacteria)

41
Q

Coagulase

A

Enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrin is a clot-forming protein. limits spread of organism but allows the bacterium to wall itself off from the immune system.

42
Q

Streptokinase and staphylokinase

A

Break down fibrin and prevent clotting.

43
Q

Exotoxins

A

very powerful toxins secreted by the living bacterial cell, mostly from gram-positive species.

44
Q

Endotoxins

A

found primarily in Gram-negative bacteria and are released only when an organism dies.

45
Q

Endospores

A

have thickened cell walls to withstand environmental extremes such as drying and lack of nutritional sources. Dormat stage of some bacteria.

46
Q

Antimicrobial

A

agents include substances used to specifically treat infectious microbial diseases.

47
Q

Antibiotics

A

are antimicrobial agents containing substances derived from other organisms.

48
Q

Broad Spectrum

A

affect a wide range of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

49
Q

Narrow Spectrum

A

Affect a limited number of microorganisms

50
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

inhibits organism growth. Stationary, stops it from growing.

51
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Kills the Organism

Bio Med (9 decks)

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