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Bio Med > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic chemistry is the study of which element?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

The molecular formula for glucose fructose and galactose is C6H12O6. Because they all have different molecular structures, they are?

A

Isomers

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3
Q

Carbon is unique because it can form a wide variety of compounds. The reason for this is because carbon is in a group IV of the periodic table and therefore can form___ bonds.

A

4

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4
Q

What is the name of the functional group shown here? R–O-H?

A

Hydroxyl

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5
Q

What is the name of the functional group shown here? R–S-H?

A

Sulfahydrl

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6
Q

What is the name of the functional group with this formula -PO42-?

A

Phosphate (important for ATP)

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7
Q

An organic molecule with a carbon/water ratio of 1:1 is a?

A

Carbohydrate

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8
Q

Which of the macronutrients is water insoluble because it has more carbon than oxygen atoms?

A

Lipids

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9
Q

Multiple amino acids connected with peptide bonds are called a?

A

Polypeptide (up to 30 then it is called a protein)

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10
Q

The building blocks of polymers are?

A

Monomers

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11
Q

What are the monomers of polysaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides

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12
Q

What would be the molecular formula of a monosaccharide containing 5 carbons?

A

C5H10O5 Pentose sugars

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13
Q

To be considered a triglyceride, there must be a glycerol backbone and three?

A

Fatty acids

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14
Q

A macronutrient monomer with the molecular formula of CH3(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH is likely a?

A

Lipid (unsatured fat)

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15
Q

A macronutrient with an amino, carboxyl, and “R” group is called a?

A

Amino acid

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16
Q

Polymers of amino acids are?

A

Proteins (above 30) below 30 Polypeptide

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17
Q

Because they are monosaccharides containing 5 carbons, ribose and deoxyribose are?

A

Pentoses (pentose sugars)

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18
Q

A polymer of nucleotides is a?

A

DNA and RNA

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19
Q

A compound that contains three or more monosaccharides is a?

A

Polysaccharides

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20
Q

Stored polysaccharide in plants that is digestible by humans is?

A

Starch (amylome)

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21
Q

What is the name of the anabolic reaction that connects nutrient monomers to form polymers?

A

Dehydration synthesis (endogonic reaction) receive energy

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22
Q

ABO blood groups are characterized by different____ on the cell’s surface?

A

Glycolipid

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23
Q

Cellulose is found in plant cell walls, but cannot be ___ by humans.

A

digested

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24
Q

Two amino acids that have been combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction is called a?

A

dipeptide

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25
Q

Sucrose (table sugar) is split into glucose and fructose by the enzyme sucrase. This would be an example of a catabolic reaction known as?

A

Hydrolysis (exergonic) releases energy

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26
Q

A disaccharide consisting of 2 glucose molecules is?

A

Maltose

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27
Q

A phospholipid with a carbohydrate chain attached would be called a ___-lipid.

A

glyco

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28
Q

Which lipid is a major component of all cell membranes?

A

Phospholipid

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29
Q

Water insoluble triglycerides and cholesterol (fats) are transported in the blood by structures called?

A

Lipoproteins

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30
Q

T/F: To produce energy, carbohydrates can be used both aerobically and anaerobically?

A

True

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31
Q

A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds between its carbon atoms is said to be?

A

Saturated

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32
Q

An amphipathic has both ___ and ___ regions.

A

hydrophic and hydrophilic

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33
Q

In cell membranes the phospholipid heads are found facing?

A

Water (outside the cell)

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34
Q

Testosterone and estriol are synthesized from which lipid molecule?

A

Cholesterol

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35
Q

Postaglandins and leukotrienes are 20-carbon chains formed from arachidonic adic. They are included in a group of local-acting molecules called? pg 136

A

Eicosanoids

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36
Q

Prostaglandins function as:

A

Immune defense

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37
Q

Vitamins __,__, __, and ___ are fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E and K

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38
Q

Which of the lipoproteins has the highest protein content?

A

HDL pg 138

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39
Q

What mineral attaches tyrosine to make thyroxin (t4), a thyroid hormone?

A

Iodine

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40
Q

There are several levels of organization of protein molecules. The linear sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds is the ___ structure.

A

Primary

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41
Q

The simplest amino acid is glycine because it only has a ___ as its side chain.

A

Hydrogen

42
Q

Hydrogen bonds form the ___ level of protein structure?

A

Secondary

43
Q

What level(s) of protein organization can be denatured?

A

Secondary, tertiary quaternary structures

44
Q

What is the function of immunological proteins?

A

Antibodies

45
Q

Actin and myosin proteins in muscle function as ___ proteins?

A

Contractile

46
Q

In DNA, what holds the strands of the double helix together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

47
Q

A protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction but is not consumed by the reaction is a?

A

enzyme

48
Q

A substrate plus “ase” is the common method for naming?

A

enzymes

49
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

genetic code

50
Q

In DNA, the RNA_base uracil, is replaced by?

A

Thymine

51
Q

In the DNA double helix, thymine is paired with?

A

Adenine

52
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

Energy

53
Q

A nerve impulse is example of ___ cellular energy.

A

electrical

54
Q

A muscle contraction is an example of ___ cellular energy?

A

Mechanical

55
Q

Vitamins and minerals increase the speed of chemical reactions by acting as ___?

A

cofactors (catalyst)

56
Q

___ and ___ vitamins are water-soluble?

A

B and C

57
Q

Vitamin A or retinol is required for?

A

vision

58
Q

Vitamin D is required for proper formation of?

A

bones

59
Q

Vitamin K is required for?

A

blood clotting

60
Q

Vitamin C is needed for the formation of?

A

connective tissue (collagen)

61
Q

Folic acid is needed for the proper development of the ?

A

Neural tube

62
Q

Chromium deficiency interferes with the efficiency of?

A

Insulin

63
Q

Iron deficiency interferes with ___ synthesis.

A

Hemoglobin

64
Q

Iodine deficiency interferes with ___ function?

A

Thyroid

65
Q

Which amino acid side-chain is hydrophobic?

A

Leucine

66
Q

Which amino side-chain(s) is/are hydrophilic?

A

Threonine, GLU or E and Lys or K

67
Q

Which amino acid side-chain(s) will form ionic bonds?

A

Glu, L and Lys

68
Q

Which amino acid side-chain is acidic because it has donated a H+?

A

COOH+

69
Q

Which amino acid side-chain is basic because it accepts a H+?

A

Lys

70
Q

glucose + glucose

A

Maltose

71
Q

glucose + galactose

A

Lactose (milk sugar)

72
Q

glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

73
Q

Glucose

A

C6H12O6
Major sugar found in the blood
Cells prefer glucose as an energy source
Diabetes result from a disruption of blood sugar (glucose) control

74
Q

Fructose

A

C6H12O6

Also called “fruit sugar” also in soft drinks

75
Q

Galactose

A

C6H12O6
found in dairy products and sugar beets
combined with glucose forms disaccharide lactose (milk sugar)

76
Q

Glycogen

A

The most important polysaccharide in the human body

77
Q

Fatty acids

A

Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

78
Q

Triglycerides

A

(fats and oils) Protection, insulation , energy storage.

79
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major lipid component of cell membranes

80
Q

Cholesterol (steroid)

A

Minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile sale, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.

81
Q

Bile salts(steroid)

A

needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

82
Q

Vitamin D

A

helps regulate calcium level in the body; needed for bone growth and repair.

83
Q

Adrenocortical hormones (steroid)

A

Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance.

84
Q

Sex hormones (steroid)

A

Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.

85
Q

Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins and leukotrienes)

A

Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction.

86
Q

Carotenes (other lipid)

A

Needed for synthesis of vitamin A, which is used to make visual pigments in the eyes, also function as antioxidants

87
Q

Vitamin E (other lipid)

A

Promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system, and functions as an antioxidant.

88
Q

Vitamin K (other lipid)

A

Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins

89
Q

Lipoproteins (other lipid)

A

Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from the blood.

90
Q

Protein monomer

A

an amino acid

91
Q

Protein polymer

A

proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis

92
Q

What loves water?

A

Oxygen

93
Q

What is always the first amino acid in every protein as it is made?

A

Methionine (AA)

94
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin A and name its class?

A

Poor teeth and gums; night blindness. Fat-soluble class (DEAK)

95
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin C and names it class?

A

Scurvy(bleeding gums, loose teeth, swollen joints; slow would healing; weight loss) Water-soluble class.

96
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin D and names it class?

A

Rickets in children(low blood calcium, soft bones, distorted skeleton) Fat-Soluble class (DEAK)

97
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin K and names it class?

A

Slow blood clotting. Fat-Soluble class (DEAK)

98
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin B and names it class?

A

Neural tube defects in pregnancy (folic acid) Pernicious anemia (b12). Water-Soluble class

99
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral fluorine?

A

Increased incidence of dental caries; osteoporosis

100
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Chromium?

A

Relative insulin resistance; impaired glucose tolerance; elevated serum lipids

101
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Iron?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

102
Q

Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Iodine?

A

Goiter; hypothyroidism

Bio Med (9 decks)

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