Module 3 Flashcards
Organic chemistry is the study of which element?
Carbon
The molecular formula for glucose fructose and galactose is C6H12O6. Because they all have different molecular structures, they are?
Isomers
Carbon is unique because it can form a wide variety of compounds. The reason for this is because carbon is in a group IV of the periodic table and therefore can form___ bonds.
4
What is the name of the functional group shown here? R–O-H?
Hydroxyl
What is the name of the functional group shown here? R–S-H?
Sulfahydrl
What is the name of the functional group with this formula -PO42-?
Phosphate (important for ATP)
An organic molecule with a carbon/water ratio of 1:1 is a?
Carbohydrate
Which of the macronutrients is water insoluble because it has more carbon than oxygen atoms?
Lipids
Multiple amino acids connected with peptide bonds are called a?
Polypeptide (up to 30 then it is called a protein)
The building blocks of polymers are?
Monomers
What are the monomers of polysaccharides?
Monosaccharides
What would be the molecular formula of a monosaccharide containing 5 carbons?
C5H10O5 Pentose sugars
To be considered a triglyceride, there must be a glycerol backbone and three?
Fatty acids
A macronutrient monomer with the molecular formula of CH3(CH2)4CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH is likely a?
Lipid (unsatured fat)
A macronutrient with an amino, carboxyl, and “R” group is called a?
Amino acid
Polymers of amino acids are?
Proteins (above 30) below 30 Polypeptide
Because they are monosaccharides containing 5 carbons, ribose and deoxyribose are?
Pentoses (pentose sugars)
A polymer of nucleotides is a?
DNA and RNA
A compound that contains three or more monosaccharides is a?
Polysaccharides
Stored polysaccharide in plants that is digestible by humans is?
Starch (amylome)
What is the name of the anabolic reaction that connects nutrient monomers to form polymers?
Dehydration synthesis (endogonic reaction) receive energy
ABO blood groups are characterized by different____ on the cell’s surface?
Glycolipid
Cellulose is found in plant cell walls, but cannot be ___ by humans.
digested
Two amino acids that have been combined by a dehydration synthesis reaction is called a?
dipeptide
Sucrose (table sugar) is split into glucose and fructose by the enzyme sucrase. This would be an example of a catabolic reaction known as?
Hydrolysis (exergonic) releases energy
A disaccharide consisting of 2 glucose molecules is?
Maltose
A phospholipid with a carbohydrate chain attached would be called a ___-lipid.
glyco
Which lipid is a major component of all cell membranes?
Phospholipid
Water insoluble triglycerides and cholesterol (fats) are transported in the blood by structures called?
Lipoproteins
T/F: To produce energy, carbohydrates can be used both aerobically and anaerobically?
True
A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds between its carbon atoms is said to be?
Saturated
An amphipathic has both ___ and ___ regions.
hydrophic and hydrophilic
In cell membranes the phospholipid heads are found facing?
Water (outside the cell)
Testosterone and estriol are synthesized from which lipid molecule?
Cholesterol
Postaglandins and leukotrienes are 20-carbon chains formed from arachidonic adic. They are included in a group of local-acting molecules called? pg 136
Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins function as:
Immune defense
Vitamins __,__, __, and ___ are fat-soluble vitamins?
A,D,E and K
Which of the lipoproteins has the highest protein content?
HDL pg 138
What mineral attaches tyrosine to make thyroxin (t4), a thyroid hormone?
Iodine
There are several levels of organization of protein molecules. The linear sequence of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds is the ___ structure.
Primary
The simplest amino acid is glycine because it only has a ___ as its side chain.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen bonds form the ___ level of protein structure?
Secondary
What level(s) of protein organization can be denatured?
Secondary, tertiary quaternary structures
What is the function of immunological proteins?
Antibodies
Actin and myosin proteins in muscle function as ___ proteins?
Contractile
In DNA, what holds the strands of the double helix together?
Hydrogen bonds
A protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction but is not consumed by the reaction is a?
enzyme
A substrate plus “ase” is the common method for naming?
enzymes
What is the function of DNA?
genetic code
In DNA, the RNA_base uracil, is replaced by?
Thymine
In the DNA double helix, thymine is paired with?
Adenine
What is the function of ATP?
Energy
A nerve impulse is example of ___ cellular energy.
electrical
A muscle contraction is an example of ___ cellular energy?
Mechanical
Vitamins and minerals increase the speed of chemical reactions by acting as ___?
cofactors (catalyst)
___ and ___ vitamins are water-soluble?
B and C
Vitamin A or retinol is required for?
vision
Vitamin D is required for proper formation of?
bones
Vitamin K is required for?
blood clotting
Vitamin C is needed for the formation of?
connective tissue (collagen)
Folic acid is needed for the proper development of the ?
Neural tube
Chromium deficiency interferes with the efficiency of?
Insulin
Iron deficiency interferes with ___ synthesis.
Hemoglobin
Iodine deficiency interferes with ___ function?
Thyroid
Which amino acid side-chain is hydrophobic?
Leucine
Which amino side-chain(s) is/are hydrophilic?
Threonine, GLU or E and Lys or K
Which amino acid side-chain(s) will form ionic bonds?
Glu, L and Lys
Which amino acid side-chain is acidic because it has donated a H+?
COOH+
Which amino acid side-chain is basic because it accepts a H+?
Lys
glucose + glucose
Maltose
glucose + galactose
Lactose (milk sugar)
glucose + fructose
Sucrose (table sugar)
Glucose
C6H12O6
Major sugar found in the blood
Cells prefer glucose as an energy source
Diabetes result from a disruption of blood sugar (glucose) control
Fructose
C6H12O6
Also called “fruit sugar” also in soft drinks
Galactose
C6H12O6
found in dairy products and sugar beets
combined with glucose forms disaccharide lactose (milk sugar)
Glycogen
The most important polysaccharide in the human body
Fatty acids
Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Triglycerides
(fats and oils) Protection, insulation , energy storage.
Phospholipids
Major lipid component of cell membranes
Cholesterol (steroid)
Minor component of all animal cell membranes; precursor of bile sale, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.
Bile salts(steroid)
needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
Vitamin D
helps regulate calcium level in the body; needed for bone growth and repair.
Adrenocortical hormones (steroid)
Help regulate metabolism, resistance to stress, and salt and water balance.
Sex hormones (steroid)
Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.
Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins and leukotrienes)
Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones, blood clotting, inflammation, immunity, stomach acid secretion, airway diameter, lipid breakdown, and smooth muscle contraction.
Carotenes (other lipid)
Needed for synthesis of vitamin A, which is used to make visual pigments in the eyes, also function as antioxidants
Vitamin E (other lipid)
Promotes wound healing, prevents tissue scarring, contributes to the normal structure and function of the nervous system, and functions as an antioxidant.
Vitamin K (other lipid)
Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
Lipoproteins (other lipid)
Transport lipids in the blood, carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues, and remove excess cholesterol from the blood.
Protein monomer
an amino acid
Protein polymer
proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis
What loves water?
Oxygen
What is always the first amino acid in every protein as it is made?
Methionine (AA)
Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin A and name its class?
Poor teeth and gums; night blindness. Fat-soluble class (DEAK)
Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin C and names it class?
Scurvy(bleeding gums, loose teeth, swollen joints; slow would healing; weight loss) Water-soluble class.
Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin D and names it class?
Rickets in children(low blood calcium, soft bones, distorted skeleton) Fat-Soluble class (DEAK)
Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin K and names it class?
Slow blood clotting. Fat-Soluble class (DEAK)
Human deficiency sign for lack of Vitamin B and names it class?
Neural tube defects in pregnancy (folic acid) Pernicious anemia (b12). Water-Soluble class
Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral fluorine?
Increased incidence of dental caries; osteoporosis
Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Chromium?
Relative insulin resistance; impaired glucose tolerance; elevated serum lipids
Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Iron?
Iron-deficiency anemia
Human deficiency sign for lack of the mineral Iodine?
Goiter; hypothyroidism
