Module 4 Flashcards
Ion Channel
(Integral) forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions.
Carrier
(Integral) Transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape. For example, amino acids, needed for synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers. Carrier proteins are also known as TRANSPORTERS.
Receptor
(Integral) Recognizes specific ligand and alters cells function in some way. For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes.
Enzyme
(integral and peripheral) Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces). For example, lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining your small intestine splits the dissacharide lactose in the milk you drink.
Linker
(Integral and peripheral) Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together.
Cell Identity Marker
(glycoprotein) Distinguishes yours cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin). An important class of such markers are the major histocompatibility (MHC) protiens.
Eukaryotes
means they have a “true” nucleus. All fungi, plants, and animals (including humans) are eukaryotes.
Permeability
tells us how easily a substance can cross the plasma membrane.
Differential permeability
what defines a cell. What the cell will and will not let pass.
Name 6 categories of cell membrane proteins?
Ion channels-passage for ions
Enzymes- digestive system (sucrase, lactase, protease)
Carrier-Carries ions or other stuff (transports)
Linkers- Linking cells together
Receptors- receives signals
Markers- identifies the cells
Name 4 things that could get through a cell membrane without a channel?
H20, O2, CO2, NH3, Lipid soluble (vitamins like DEAK)
Name 4 things that need a channel to pass through a cell membrane?
Na+, K+, CA++, Cl-, MG++, glucose, proteins, big stuff
Could molecules move in or out of dead cell?
Yes, because it doesnt require energy and it is simple diffusion.(moving from high to low, downhill)
Passive Transport
No energy required. Concentration goes from High to Low (downhill)
Active Transport
Requires energy. Concentration going from Low to High (Uphill)
Cytoplasm
mixture of water, salts, proteins, and organelles.
Because of their complex cellular structure, fungi are classified as?
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have a true ____ and membrane-bound ____.
Nucleus and nucleus
The nucleus contains?
Genetic library for the cell (DNA)
The ___ regulates what enters or leaves the cell.
Plasma membrane
What part of the cell has molecules to identify self from non-self?
Cell marker
The cytosol and organelles collectively form the?
Cytoplasm
What cellular structure gives the cell its shape?
cytoplasm
What cellular structure conveys genetic information
Nucleus
Describe the correct orientation of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
2 layers, heads facing 2 layers with heads facing extracellular and intracellular.
The tail structure associated with the phospholipid is considered to be?
Unsaturated and hydrophobic
A transmembrane protein will come in contact with the ___-cellular and ___-cellular fluids.
Extracellular and intracellular
What is the function of a aquaporin?
A water pore protein that overwhelms any resistance to water passing through the membrane
A ___ is specific for the substance they allow to pass through a membrane.
Selectively permeable cell membrane or a differential permeable membrane.
The signaling molecule that binds to a receptor is called a?
Ligand
The process by which a signal outside the cell is transformed to an intracellular signal?
Signal transduction
The enzyme lactase would be found on the surface of ___ cells?
intestinal
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins are an example of cellular____?
Markers
The rate of diffusion will ____ as temperature decrease.
Increase
Ribosomes make ___?
Protein
Cilia
is a hair-like extension on the cell surface. Moves material across cell. Has the same basic structure as flagella. At the base, 9 triplets (9 sets of 3) of microtubules. In the body 9 doubles (9 sets of 2) microtubules.
Flagella
a whip-like extension on the cell surface. In humans only cell w/a flagellum is the sperm cell. Flagellum moves the cell through material. Has the same basic structure as cilia. At the base, 9 triplets (9 sets of 3) of microtubules. In the body 9 doubles (9 sets of 2) microtubules.
SER
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. 1. SER for lipid synthesis. 2. SER for processing of toxins and cellular components. 3. SER for calcium storage in muscle.
RER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes lie on the surface of the RER. Genetic code material is copied in the nucleus, taken out to the RER to be read.
autolysis
Self-breaking
Lysosome
formed from trans face of Golgi complex. Are used to digest and sometimes recycle things. The cell’s garbage can. If the cell is sick or dying(apoptosis) the entire cell is dumped into the garbage can releasing enzymes from the lysosome.
Cytoskeletal and Centrosomes functional class?
Structural integrity
Cilia and Flagella functional class?
Motility
Ribosome, RER, SER and Golgi complex functional class?
Sythesis
SER, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Proteasome functional class?
Storage and digestion
Mitochondrion
Energy Production
Necrosis
Death itself. (of a cell)
Peroxisome
Like lysosomes, membrane-bound and destroy materials for the cell. contain powerful enzymes Oxidases. Can replicate themselves and make H2O2. Common in liver and kidney (detox function of these organs) Break down fatty acids (use fats for energy)
Peroxisomes generate what?
Free radicals. These damaging biological systems are likely the cause of diseases such as cancer.
Proteasome
Breaking down of proteins.
Ubiquitin
Tags “bad” protein then leads the protein to the proteasome which acts like a paper shredder to degrade protein. (recycles it)
Mitochondria
Sites of energy production for the cell. Makes ATP. Has their own DNA but only from MOM.
Name two major players in metabolism?
Pyruvic acid lactic acid. Both have 3 carbons.
Coenzyme A (CoA)
2 carbon carrier. carrier does not get used up, it keeps going. Can only hold 2 carbons. Acetyl group CH3COO-
Proton Carrier
FAD and NAD+ they carry Hydrogen
Anaerobic Respiration
No Oxygen. lactic acid is formed because you cannot give a carbon without O2 and therefore you create acid.
Aerobic Respiration
Has Oxygen. Can get ride of extra carbon and move on to create CO2 then give to acetyl group to carrier to kreb cycle.
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
Where doe the kreb cycle happen?
Mitochondria
Hypotonic
More solutes in the cell than in the solution
Hypertonic
More solutes outside the cell than in the cell
Isotonic
Equal. Some water moves out and some moves in
