Module 6 Flashcards
Identify the functions of the skeletal system
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
Storage of energy
What substances make up the intercellular materials of bone?
mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate), mainly collagen fibres, and water.
Haversian canal
a tiny channel running through compact bone that carries small blood vessels and nerves
canaliculi
minute channels radiating out from the lacunae that contain cytoplasmic projections from the osteocytes.
Canaliculi connect osteocytes in the lacunae with each other and with the central canals.
two types of ossification
intramembranous ossification-flat bones of skull
endochondrl ossification- all bones during growth
secondary ossification centres
develop in the epiphyses and lay down spongy bone, infiltrated by blood vessels.
Epiphyseal plate (line)
the structure primarily involved in the increase in the length of long bones
bone remodeling
the constant replacement of old bone with new bone.
function of the osteoclasts
remove bone during remodelling. They secrete digestive enzymes and acids to attack the bone.
factors required for bone remodelling
Ca, P, Mg
vitamins D, A, C, B12
growth hormone
sex hormones
Which two hormones regulate Ca homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands
calcitonin from the thyroid gland
Concentric lamellae
Rings composed of hard, calcified matrix surrounding the Haversian canals
When an osteoblast becomes isolated in a lacuna, it is transformed into a(n)
Osteocyte
hemopoesis
blood cell formation
occurs in red marrow
where is triglyceride stored
yellow marrow
long bones
a shaft with two ends
cylindrical
longer than it is wide
function as levers
femur and humerus
short bones
cube like
equal in length, width, and thickness
provide stability, support, and some limited motion
carpals and tarsals
flat bones
thin and usually curved
points of attachment for muscles
protect internal organs
skull and ribs
irregular bones
not long, flat, or short
facial bones
vertebrae
sesamoid bones
small and round
shaped like a sesame seed
form in tendons where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint
protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces
patella
what is a long bone composed of (9)
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
hyaline cartilae
periosteum
marrow cavity/medullary cavity
red marrow
yellow marrow
endosteum
diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
the walls are composed of compact bone
epiphysis
wider section at each end of the bone
filled with spongy bone
red marrow fills the spaces of spongy bone
metaphyses
area between diaphysis and epiphysis
includes epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage/articular cartilage
at ends of bones
reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints
periosteum
CT that covers the surface of bones
contains osteogenic cells
protects bone
assists in fracture repair
helps nourish bone tissue
serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons
contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
what makes up the microscopic structure of bone (4)
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells
precursor cells
osteoblasts
bone building cells
osteocytes
mature bone cells
principle cells of bone tissue
osteoclasts
derived from monocytes and serve to break down bone tissue
what does bone matrix contain
inorganic salts (hydroxyapatite)
calcium carbonate
collagen fibres
what makes bones hard
mineral salts
what gives bones tensile strength
collagen fibers
intramembranous ossification
the formation of bone directly from with the fibrous CT membranes
endochondral ossification
bone formation from hyaline cartilage models
involves the replacement of cartilage
what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification
- osteoblasts cluster at the centre and begin to specialize.
- osteoblasts secrete uncalcified matrix, which hardens within a few days.
- osteoblasts turn into osteocytes and lay down trabeculae to form spongy bone.
- the outer surface is covered with periosteum.
what are the 8 steps of endochondral ossification?
- mesenchymal cells become chondrocytes.
- perichondrium appears.
- more matrix, chondrocytes grow
4.matrix calcifies and kills chondrocytes
5.blood vessels replace the chondrocytes and bring osteogenic cells
6.cartilage grows, capillaries penetrate - perichondrium turns into periosteum
- osteoblasts form periosteal collar of compact bone
calcium and vitamin d
bone remodelling
vitamin k
bone minerallization
regulates bone growth
magnesium
bone structure
fluoride
strengthens and stabilizes bone minerals
bone density
omega-3
enhance production of new osseous tissue
axial bones
forms the vertical, central axis
includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back
80 bones
protects brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs
appendicular bones
all bones of the upper and lower limbs
plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton
126 bones
articulations
where two bones meet
head
prominent rounded surface
facet
flat surface
condyle
rounded surface
projections
raised markings
protuberance
protruding
process
prominence feature
spine
sharp process
tubercle
small rounded process
tuberosity
rough surface
line
slight, elongated ridge
crest
ridge
holes
holes and depressions
fossa
elongated basin
fovea
small pit
sulcus
groove
canal
passage in bone
fissure
slit through bone
foramen
hole through bone
meatus
opening into canal
sinus
air-filled space in bone
growth hormone
triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates resulting in the increasing length of the long bones
increases calcium retention
thyroxin
promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix
estrogen and testosterone
promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix
promote the conversion of the epiphyseal plate to the epiphyseal line
calcitrol
active form of vitamin d
produced by kidneys
stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract
