Module 6

Question 1

Identify the functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
Storage of energy

Question 2

What substances make up the intercellular materials of bone?

Answer 2

mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate), mainly collagen fibres, and water.

Question 3

Haversian canal

Answer 3

a tiny channel running through compact bone that carries small blood vessels and nerves

Question 4

canaliculi

Answer 4

minute channels radiating out from the lacunae that contain cytoplasmic projections from the osteocytes.

Canaliculi connect osteocytes in the lacunae with each other and with the central canals.

Question 5

two types of ossification

Answer 5

intramembranous ossification-flat bones of skull

endochondrl ossification- all bones during growth

Question 6

secondary ossification centres

Answer 6

develop in the epiphyses and lay down spongy bone, infiltrated by blood vessels.

Question 7

Epiphyseal plate (line)

Answer 7

the structure primarily involved in the increase in the length of long bones

Question 8

bone remodeling

Answer 8

the constant replacement of old bone with new bone.

Question 9

function of the osteoclasts

Answer 9

remove bone during remodelling. They secrete digestive enzymes and acids to attack the bone.

Question 10

factors required for bone remodelling

Answer 10

Ca, P, Mg
vitamins D, A, C, B12
growth hormone
sex hormones

Question 11

Which two hormones regulate Ca homeostasis

Answer 11

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands

calcitonin from the thyroid gland

Question 12

Concentric lamellae

Answer 12

Rings composed of hard, calcified matrix surrounding the Haversian canals

Question 13

When an osteoblast becomes isolated in a lacuna, it is transformed into a(n)

Answer 13

Osteocyte

Question 14

hemopoesis

Answer 14

blood cell formation
occurs in red marrow

Question 15

where is triglyceride stored

Answer 15

yellow marrow

Question 16

long bones

Answer 16

a shaft with two ends
cylindrical
longer than it is wide
function as levers
femur and humerus

Question 17

short bones

Answer 17

cube like
equal in length, width, and thickness
provide stability, support, and some limited motion
carpals and tarsals

Question 18

flat bones

Answer 18

thin and usually curved
points of attachment for muscles
protect internal organs
skull and ribs

Question 19

irregular bones

Answer 19

not long, flat, or short
facial bones
vertebrae

Question 20

sesamoid bones

Answer 20

small and round
shaped like a sesame seed
form in tendons where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint
protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces
patella

Question 21

what is a long bone composed of (9)

Answer 21

diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
hyaline cartilae
periosteum
marrow cavity/medullary cavity
red marrow
yellow marrow
endosteum

Question 22

diaphysis

Answer 22

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
the walls are composed of compact bone

Question 23

epiphysis

Answer 23

wider section at each end of the bone
filled with spongy bone
red marrow fills the spaces of spongy bone

Question 24

metaphyses

Answer 24

area between diaphysis and epiphysis
includes epiphyseal plate

Question 25

hyaline cartilage/articular cartilage

Answer 25

at ends of bones reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints

Question 26

periosteum

Answer 26

CT that covers the surface of bones contains osteogenic cells protects bone assists in fracture repair helps nourish bone tissue serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Question 27

what makes up the microscopic structure of bone (4)

Answer 27

osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts

Question 28

osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 28

precursor cells

Question 29

osteoblasts

Answer 29

bone building cells

Question 30

osteocytes

Answer 30

mature bone cells principle cells of bone tissue

Question 31

osteoclasts

Answer 31

derived from monocytes and serve to break down bone tissue

Question 32

what does bone matrix contain

Answer 32

inorganic salts (hydroxyapatite) calcium carbonate collagen fibres

Question 33

what makes bones hard

Answer 33

mineral salts

Question 34

what gives bones tensile strength

Answer 34

collagen fibers

Question 35

intramembranous ossification

Answer 35

the formation of bone directly from with the fibrous CT membranes

Question 36

endochondral ossification

Answer 36

bone formation from hyaline cartilage models involves the replacement of cartilage

Question 37

what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification

Answer 37

1. osteoblasts cluster at the centre and begin to specialize. 2. osteoblasts secrete uncalcified matrix, which hardens within a few days. 3. osteoblasts turn into osteocytes and lay down trabeculae to form spongy bone. 4. the outer surface is covered with periosteum.

Question 38

what are the 8 steps of endochondral ossification?

Answer 38

1. mesenchymal cells become chondrocytes. 2. perichondrium appears. 3. more matrix, chondrocytes grow 4.matrix calcifies and kills chondrocytes 5.blood vessels replace the chondrocytes and bring osteogenic cells 6.cartilage grows, capillaries penetrate 7. perichondrium turns into periosteum 8. osteoblasts form periosteal collar of compact bone

Question 39

calcium and vitamin d

Answer 39

bone remodelling

Question 40

vitamin k

Answer 40

bone minerallization regulates bone growth

Question 41

magnesium

Answer 41

bone structure

Question 42

fluoride

Answer 42

strengthens and stabilizes bone minerals bone density

Question 43

omega-3

Answer 43

enhance production of new osseous tissue

Question 44

axial bones

Answer 44

forms the vertical, central axis includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back 80 bones protects brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs

Question 45

appendicular bones

Answer 45

all bones of the upper and lower limbs plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton 126 bones

Question 46

articulations

Answer 46

where two bones meet

Question 47

head

Answer 47

prominent rounded surface

Question 48

facet

Answer 48

flat surface

Question 49

condyle

Answer 49

rounded surface

Question 50

projections

Answer 50

raised markings

Question 51

protuberance

Answer 51

protruding

Question 52

process

Answer 52

prominence feature

Question 53

spine

Answer 53

sharp process

Question 54

tubercle

Answer 54

small rounded process

Question 55

tuberosity

Answer 55

rough surface

Question 56

line

Answer 56

slight, elongated ridge

Question 57

crest

Answer 57

ridge

Question 58

holes

Answer 58

holes and depressions

Question 59

fossa

Answer 59

elongated basin

Question 60

fovea

Answer 60

small pit

Question 61

sulcus

Answer 61

groove

Question 62

canal

Answer 62

passage in bone

Question 63

fissure

Answer 63

slit through bone

Question 64

foramen

Answer 64

hole through bone

Question 65

meatus

Answer 65

opening into canal

Question 66

sinus

Answer 66

air-filled space in bone

Question 67

growth hormone

Answer 67

triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates resulting in the increasing length of the long bones increases calcium retention

Question 68

thyroxin

Answer 68

promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix

Question 69

estrogen and testosterone

Answer 69

promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix promote the conversion of the epiphyseal plate to the epiphyseal line

Question 70

calcitrol

Answer 70

active form of vitamin d produced by kidneys stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract