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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the functions of the skeletal system

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production
Storage of energy

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2
Q

What substances make up the intercellular materials of bone?

A

mineral salts (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate), mainly collagen fibres, and water.

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3
Q

Haversian canal

A

a tiny channel running through compact bone that carries small blood vessels and nerves

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4
Q

canaliculi

A

minute channels radiating out from the lacunae that contain cytoplasmic projections from the osteocytes.

Canaliculi connect osteocytes in the lacunae with each other and with the central canals.

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5
Q

two types of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification-flat bones of skull

endochondrl ossification- all bones during growth

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6
Q

secondary ossification centres

A

develop in the epiphyses and lay down spongy bone, infiltrated by blood vessels.

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7
Q

Epiphyseal plate (line)

A

the structure primarily involved in the increase in the length of long bones

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8
Q

bone remodeling

A

the constant replacement of old bone with new bone.

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9
Q

function of the osteoclasts

A

remove bone during remodelling. They secrete digestive enzymes and acids to attack the bone.

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10
Q

factors required for bone remodelling

A

Ca, P, Mg
vitamins D, A, C, B12
growth hormone
sex hormones

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11
Q

Which two hormones regulate Ca homeostasis

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands

calcitonin from the thyroid gland

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12
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

Rings composed of hard, calcified matrix surrounding the Haversian canals

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13
Q

When an osteoblast becomes isolated in a lacuna, it is transformed into a(n)

A

Osteocyte

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14
Q

hemopoesis

A

blood cell formation
occurs in red marrow

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15
Q

where is triglyceride stored

A

yellow marrow

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16
Q

long bones

A

a shaft with two ends
cylindrical
longer than it is wide
function as levers
femur and humerus

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17
Q

short bones

A

cube like
equal in length, width, and thickness
provide stability, support, and some limited motion
carpals and tarsals

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18
Q

flat bones

A

thin and usually curved
points of attachment for muscles
protect internal organs
skull and ribs

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19
Q

irregular bones

A

not long, flat, or short
facial bones
vertebrae

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20
Q

sesamoid bones

A

small and round
shaped like a sesame seed
form in tendons where a great deal of pressure is generated in a joint
protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces
patella

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21
Q

what is a long bone composed of (9)

A

diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
hyaline cartilae
periosteum
marrow cavity/medullary cavity
red marrow
yellow marrow
endosteum

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22
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
the walls are composed of compact bone

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23
Q

epiphysis

A

wider section at each end of the bone
filled with spongy bone
red marrow fills the spaces of spongy bone

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24
Q

metaphyses

A

area between diaphysis and epiphysis
includes epiphyseal plate

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25
Q

hyaline cartilage/articular cartilage

A

at ends of bones
reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely moveable joints

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26
Q

periosteum

A

CT that covers the surface of bones
contains osteogenic cells
protects bone
assists in fracture repair
helps nourish bone tissue
serves as an attachment site for ligaments and tendons
contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

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27
Q

what makes up the microscopic structure of bone (4)

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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28
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

precursor cells

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29
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building cells

30
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells
principle cells of bone tissue

31
Q

osteoclasts

A

derived from monocytes and serve to break down bone tissue

32
Q

what does bone matrix contain

A

inorganic salts (hydroxyapatite)
calcium carbonate
collagen fibres

33
Q

what makes bones hard

A

mineral salts

34
Q

what gives bones tensile strength

A

collagen fibers

35
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

the formation of bone directly from with the fibrous CT membranes

36
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone formation from hyaline cartilage models
involves the replacement of cartilage

37
Q

what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. osteoblasts cluster at the centre and begin to specialize.
  2. osteoblasts secrete uncalcified matrix, which hardens within a few days.
  3. osteoblasts turn into osteocytes and lay down trabeculae to form spongy bone.
  4. the outer surface is covered with periosteum.
38
Q

what are the 8 steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. mesenchymal cells become chondrocytes.
  2. perichondrium appears.
  3. more matrix, chondrocytes grow
    4.matrix calcifies and kills chondrocytes
    5.blood vessels replace the chondrocytes and bring osteogenic cells
    6.cartilage grows, capillaries penetrate
  4. perichondrium turns into periosteum
  5. osteoblasts form periosteal collar of compact bone
39
Q

calcium and vitamin d

A

bone remodelling

40
Q

vitamin k

A

bone minerallization
regulates bone growth

41
Q

magnesium

A

bone structure

42
Q

fluoride

A

strengthens and stabilizes bone minerals
bone density

43
Q

omega-3

A

enhance production of new osseous tissue

44
Q

axial bones

A

forms the vertical, central axis
includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back
80 bones
protects brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs

45
Q

appendicular bones

A

all bones of the upper and lower limbs
plus the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton
126 bones

46
Q

articulations

A

where two bones meet

47
Q

head

A

prominent rounded surface

48
Q

facet

A

flat surface

49
Q

condyle

A

rounded surface

50
Q

projections

A

raised markings

51
Q

protuberance

A

protruding

52
Q

process

A

prominence feature

53
Q

spine

A

sharp process

54
Q

tubercle

A

small rounded process

55
Q

tuberosity

A

rough surface

56
Q

line

A

slight, elongated ridge

57
Q

crest

A

ridge

58
Q

holes

A

holes and depressions

59
Q

fossa

A

elongated basin

60
Q

fovea

A

small pit

61
Q

sulcus

A

groove

62
Q

canal

A

passage in bone

63
Q

fissure

A

slit through bone

64
Q

foramen

A

hole through bone

65
Q

meatus

A

opening into canal

66
Q

sinus

A

air-filled space in bone

67
Q

growth hormone

A

triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates resulting in the increasing length of the long bones

increases calcium retention

68
Q

thyroxin

A

promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix

69
Q

estrogen and testosterone

A

promote osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix
promote the conversion of the epiphyseal plate to the epiphyseal line

70
Q

calcitrol

A

active form of vitamin d
produced by kidneys
stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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