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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

-an atom usually has the same number of electrons as protons

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2
Q

Atomic mass

A

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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3
Q

Isotope

A

different atoms of the same chemical element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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4
Q

Heavy isotope

A

an isotope that contains more than the usual number of neutrons

these tend to be unstable and radioactive

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5
Q

cation

A

positively charged ions

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6
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ions

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7
Q

ion

A

an atom that has an electrical charge

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8
Q

molecule

A

a more or less stable grouping of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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9
Q

compound

A

the combination of two or more different atoms

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10
Q

free radical

A

an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell

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11
Q

antioxidants

A

substances that deactivate oxygen-derived free radicals

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12
Q

covalent bond

A

a bond formed by atoms sharing electrons

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13
Q

electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons

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14
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

a covalent bond in which the two atoms have different electronegativities causing a separation of charges.

ex. water molecule

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15
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

a covalent bond in which the two atoms have identical or very similar electronegativities so that the charges are distributed equally

ex. 2 hydrogen atoms

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16
Q

ionic bond

A

a bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

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17
Q

hydrogen bond

A

formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule

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18
Q

anabolic chemical reactions

A

form larger molecules from smaller molecules or atoms

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19
Q

catabolic chemical reactions

A

break the bonds between components of larger molecules to release smaller molecules or atoms

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20
Q

kinetic energy

A

the form of energy powering any type of matter in motion

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21
Q

potential energy

A

the energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components.

stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules

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22
Q

chemical energy

A

the form of potential energy in which energy is stored in chemical bonds

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23
Q

exergonic

A

chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb

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24
Q

endergonic

A

chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release

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25
Q

Why is water an essential component of life?

A

because it is able to break the ionic bonds in salts to free the ions

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26
Q

electrolytes

A

the electrical activity that derives from the interactions of charged ions

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27
Q

mechanical energy

A

directly powers the movement of matter

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28
Q

radiant energy

A

energy emitted and transmitted as waves rather than matter

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29
Q

electrical energy

A

contributes to the voltage changes that help transmit impulses in nerve and muscle calls, supplied by electolytes

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30
Q

All chemical reactions begin with

A

a reactant

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31
Q

reactant

A

one or more substances that enter a reaction

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32
Q

All chemical reactions result in

A

a product

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33
Q

product

A

one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction

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34
Q

the total mass of the reactants equals

A

the total mass of the products

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35
Q

synthesis reaction

A

occurs when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

A + B = AB
*requires energy

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36
Q

decomposition reaction

A

occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller parts

AB = A + B
*releases energy

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37
Q

exchange reaction

A

occurs when both synthesis and decomposition occur and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.

A + BC = AB + C

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38
Q

factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions (4)`

A

properties of reactants
temperature
concentration and pressure
enzymes/catalysts

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39
Q

how does temperature influence the rate of chemical reactions?

A

the higher the temperature, the faster the particles move, and the more likely they are to come in contact with each other

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40
Q

how does concentration and pressure influence the rate of chemical reactions?

A

the more particles present within a given space, the more likely those particles are going to bump into each other

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41
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any change

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42
Q

enzyme

A

a catalyst composed of protein or RNA.
they lower the level of energy that needs to be invested in a chemical reaction.

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43
Q

activation energy

A

the threshold level of energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants.

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44
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

electrons are taken from the atom being oxidized by the atom being reduced.

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45
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of electrons from a molecule, which results in a decrease in the potential energy of the molecule

Lose
Electrons
Oxidation

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46
Q

reduction

A

the gain of electrons by a molecule which results in an increase in the potential energy of the molecule.

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47
Q

inorganic compound

A

a substance that does not contain carbon and hydrogen

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48
Q

organic compound

A

contain both carbon and hydrogen, always have covalent bonds, and usually contain oxygen

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49
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

lubrication and cushioning
heat sink
components of liquid mixtures

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50
Q

How is water a heat sink?

A

Water absorbs the heat created by chemical reactions without greatly increasing in temperature itself.
When the environmental temperature increases, the water stored in the body keeps the body cool.

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51
Q

How do you calculate the concentration of solutes?

A

the number of particles of the solute in a given space.

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52
Q

How do you calculate molarity?

A

moles(atomic weight [M]) of the molecule per litre (L)

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53
Q

colloid

A

a mixture that is somewhat like a heavy solution.

the solute particles consist of tiny clumps of molecules large enough to make the solution opaque

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54
Q

suspension

A

a liquid mixture in which a heavier substance is suspended temporarily in a liquid but over time, settles out

55
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

double helix
formed by deoxyribose
1 phosphate group
1 nitrogen containing base (ATGC) attached via hydrogen bond

56
Q

What are the 4 chemical groups of an amino acid?

A

amino group
carboxyl group
r group
hydrogen

57
Q

How does DNA and RNA differ physically?

A

DNA-double helix
RNA-a long strand

DNA- 2 backbones connected via hydrogen bonds
RNA- a single backbone with protruding bases

58
Q

How does DNA and RNA differ chemically?

A

DNA-deoxyribose
RNA-ribose

DNA- carries purine (adenine and guanine) and pyramidine (thymine and cytosine) nucleotides
RNA- carries the same nucleotides but also a third pyramidine (uracil)

59
Q

List the 4 elements that make up about 96& of our body weight

A

nitrogen
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

60
Q

What is the approximate pH of gastric juice?

A

2

61
Q

What is the approximate pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

62
Q

What is the approximate pH of milk of magnesia?

A

10.5

63
Q

Define lipid

A

an organic compound primarily built from hydrocarbons, nonpolar, and non soluble in water

64
Q

What are the 3 important types of lipids?

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

65
Q

What is the function of a triglyceride?

A

they are fats and oils that contain nutrients

66
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

they make up the outer layer of the cell for protection

67
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

hormone building block
bile acid component

68
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

an organic compound composed of:
one or more phosphate group
a pentose sugar (ribose/deoxyribose)

69
Q

Define the term acid

A

a substance that releases H+ into a solution

70
Q

Describe dehydration synthesis

A

one reactant gives up an atom of hydrogen and another reactant gives up a hydroxyl group (OH) in the synthesis of a new product

A molecule of water is released as a byproduct

71
Q

Describe hydrolysis

A

a molecule of water disrupts a compound, breaking its bonds. The water itself is split into H and OH.

72
Q

When are salts formed?

A

when ions form ionic bonds

73
Q

What is a salt?

A

a substance that, when dissolved in water, dissociates into ions other than H+ or OH-

74
Q

What is a strong acid?

A

compounds that release all of their H+ into a solution

75
Q

What is a base?

A

a substance that releases OH- in a solution, or one that accepts H+ already present in a solution

76
Q

What is a buffer?

A

a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base

77
Q

What is the pH of milk, urine, and saliva?

A

6.3-6.6

78
Q

What are the organic compounds that are essential to life?

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleotides

79
Q

carbon and hydrogen groupings are called

A

hydrocarbons

80
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds and tending to function in chemical reactions as a single unit.

81
Q

What are the important functional groups in human physiology? (5)

A

hydroxyl
carboxyl
amino
methyl
phosphate

82
Q

Which functional group is a part of all essential organic compounds?

A

hydroxyl

83
Q

What are included under the functional group carboxyl?

A

fatty acids, amino acids

84
Q

What are included under the functional group phosphate?

A

phospholipids, nucleotides

85
Q

what is a monomer

A

several copies of a single unit

86
Q

what is a polymer

A

links of several copies of a single unit

87
Q

What is a carbohydrate composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
CH2O

88
Q

what is a carbohydrate reffered to as?

A

saccharide

89
Q

What are the 3 types of carbohydrates/saccharides?

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

90
Q

Give examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, deoxyribose, ribose

91
Q

Give examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

92
Q

Give examples of polysaccharides

A

starches, cellulose, glycogen

93
Q

Where is glycogen stored

A

in the muscles and liver

94
Q

What is ATP composed of

A

ribose, an adenine base, and 3 phosphate groups

95
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

a bond between the glycerol component of a lipid and a phosphorous molecule.

similar in structure to a triglyceride.

96
Q

what is a phospholipid generated from?

A

a diglyceride

97
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

hydrophilic head: phosphate group and glycerol
hydrophobic tails: unsaturated and saturated fats

98
Q

What is a steroid?

A

4 hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules

most important steroid is cholesterol

99
Q

what are prostaglandins?

A

signaling molecules
derived from unsaturated fatty acids
sensitize nerves to pain

100
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

give structure to the body
regulate processes
provide protection
help muscles to contract
transport substances
serve as enzymes

101
Q

what is the structure of a protein

A

composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

all proteins contain N and many contain S, H, O, and C

102
Q

what is an amino acid

A

a molecule composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, together with a variable side chain

103
Q

Amino acids consist of a central carbon atom bonded to: (4)

A

hydrogen atom
alkaline amino group NH2
acidic carboxyl group COOH
a variable group

104
Q

what kind of bond holds together an amino acid?

A

peptide bond

105
Q

what is denaturation?

A

a change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means

106
Q

what are enzymes

A

they speed up chemical reactions by increasing the frequency of molecule collisions, lowering the activation energy, and properly orienting colliding molecules

107
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

huge organic compounds that contain C, H, O, N, P
basic units are nucleotides

108
Q

what is DNA

A

deoxyribose containing
nucleotide that stores genetic code
ACTG

109
Q

What is RNA

A

ribose containing
nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein
ACUG

110
Q

What is a purine?

A

nitrogen-containing molecule
double-ring structure
Adenine and Guanine

111
Q

What is a pyramidine?

A

nitrogen-containing base
single ring structure
Cytosine, thymine, uracil

112
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

a ribose sugar
an adenine base
3 phosphate groups

113
Q

Why is ATP so high in energy?

A

the 2 covalent bonds linking its 3 phosphate groups store a significant amount of potential energy

114
Q

Describe diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until there is equal distribution

115
Q

What is diffusion influenced by

A

distance
steepness of concentration gradient
temperature
size or mass of the diffusing substance
surface area

116
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

the process used for those substances that cannot cross the phospholipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity

ex. glucose into the cell

117
Q

What is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water through the semipermeable membrane

118
Q

What is isotonic

A

two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes

119
Q

what is hypertonic

A

a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

water molecules tend to diffuse into an hypertonic solution

120
Q

what is hypotonic

A

a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

water molecules tend to diffuse out of a hypotonic solution

121
Q

What is active transport?

A

an energy-requiring process that moves solutes such as ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides against a concentration gradient

122
Q

For each ATP molecule used, what moves into and out of the cell?

A

3Na+ move out
2K+ move in

123
Q

what is endocytosis

A

the process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane and then pinching off that portion of membrane

vesicular transport

124
Q

what are the 3 types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

125
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

cell eating

126
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

cell drinking
brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles

127
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

endocytosis by a portion of the cell membrane that contains receptors that are specific for a certain substance.

once the surface receptors have bound sufficient amounts of the specific substance, the cell will endocytose the part of the cell membrane containing the receptor-ligand complexes

128
Q

what is exocytosis

A

the process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport

129
Q

what is an example of exocytosis

A

immune cells releasing histamine

130
Q

What is transcription

A

the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA called mRNA which directs the protein synthesis.

131
Q

The transcription of DNA is catalyzed by

A

RNA polymerase

132
Q

What is translation

A

the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein

133
Q

What is the sequence of translation

A
  1. rRNA and proteins form ribosomes
  2. specific amino acids attach to the molecules of tRNA. Another portion of the tRNA has a triplet of nitrogenous bases called anticodon.
  3. tRNA delivers a specific amino acid to the codon: the ribosome moves along an mRNA strand as amino acids are joined to form a growing polypeptide

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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