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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue

A

a group of cells that have a similar embryological origin and are specialized.

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2
Q

What are the 3 embryonic germ layers that form tissues?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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3
Q

What is the ectoderm

A

outer layer
skin cells, neurons, pigment cells

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4
Q

What is the mesoderm

A

middle layer
cardiac, skeletal, smooth muscle, RBC

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5
Q

What is endoderm

A

inner layer
lung cell, thyroid cell, pancreatic cell

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6
Q

What are the 4 primary adult tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervois

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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, forms glands.
provides protection

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8
Q

What is connective tissue

A

protects and supports the body and organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity

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9
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

responsible for movement and generation of force.

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10
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

initiates and transmits action potentials that help coordinate body activities, monitors the external environment, and contributes to homeostasis

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11
Q

What is the structure of epithelial tissue

A

arranged in sheets in single/multiple layers
consists mostly of packer cells with little extracellular material.
many cell junctions
has an apical surface (exposed) and a basal surface (close to the underlying body structures)

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12
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells

A

protection
filtration
lubrication
secretion
digestion
absorption
transportation
excretion
sensory reception
reproduction

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13
Q

What are the major features of epithelial cells?

A

nearly completely avascular
all substances that enter the body must cross the epithelium
high capacity for renewal

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14
Q

Describe the classification scheme of epithelia

A

stratified or simple
squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
psuedostratified columnar (misshapen tall)

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15
Q

Where are simple squamous cells found

A

where there is little wear and tear
where rapid passage of chemicals is observed

ex. alveoli, lining capillaries, lining body cavities

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16
Q

Where are simple cuboidal cells found?

A

where secretion and absorption of molecules is observed

ex. lining of kidney tubules and in ducts of glands

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17
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found?

A

ciliated or non ciliated, found at sites of absorption and secretion

ex. lining the fallopian tubes and parts of the respiratory system

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18
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar cells found?

A

have goblet cells that secrete mucous inbetween

ex. respiratory tract

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19
Q

Where are stratified squamous cells found?

A

protects against abrasion
lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina

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20
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal cells found

A

protective tissue
sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands

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21
Q

Where are stratified columnar cells found

A

secretes and protects
male urethra, and the ducts of some glands

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22
Q

Where are transitional cells found

A

allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch
lines bladder, urethra, and the ureters

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23
Q

What is a gland

A

a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

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24
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

ductless
their secretory products (hormones) enter the extracellular fluid and diffuse into blood

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25
What do endocrine glands secrete?
hormones
26
What are exocrine glands?
secrete products into ducts that empty at the surface of the covering and lining of the epithelium or directly onto a free surface
27
What do exocrine glands secrete?
sweat, mucous, saliva, breast milk
28
What are the 3 types of exocrine glands
merocrine apocrine holocrine
29
How do merocrine glands secrete?
they release their secretions via exocytosis ex. eccrine sweat gland
30
How do apocrine glands secrete?
they pinch off their apical surfaces along with their secretory vesicle ex. apocrine sweat gland
31
How do holocrine glands secrete?
they rupture and destroy the entire gland cell ex. sebaceous glands that lubricate and protect skin and hair
32
What is a serous type
watery, blood plasma-like secretions rich in enzymes
33
What is a mucous type
watery to viscous products rich in the glycoprotein mucin
34
What are the main characteristics of CT
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body don't occur on free surfaces highly vascular (except cartilage and tendons) has a nerve supply dispersed in a matrix
35
What 3 things make up CT
cells ground substance proteins
36
What is the matrix made of
ground substance and proteins
37
What 3 categories can CT be classified into
CT proper Supportive CT Fluid CT
38
what is CT proper
loose CT areolar, adipose, reticular
39
What is supportive CT
cartilage, hyaline, fibrocartilage, bones
40
What is fluid CT
blood, lymph
41
immature cells
-blast
42
mature cells
-cyte
43
what do fibroblasts do
secrete fibres and matrix
44
what do macrophages and histiocytes do
develop from monocytes and are phagocytic
45
what do mast cells do
produce histamine
46
what do adipocytes do
store energy
47
which substances are found in ground substance
hyaluronic acid chondroitin sulfate dermaten sulfate keraten sulfate
48
What is the structure of mesenchyme
can differentiate into any type of CT cell required
49
what is the function of mesenchyme
supply the cells needed for replacement and repair after a CT injury
50
What is the structure of areolar tissue
random, web-like fashion
51
where is areolar CT found
fills the spaces between muscle fibres, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdomen
52
what is the function of areolar tissue
represents the CT component of epithelial membranes
53
What is the structure of adipose tissue
consists mostly of fat storage cells with little extracellular matrix
54
What is the structure of brown fat
has many mitochondria, which explains its efficiency at metabolizing stored fat
55
what is the location of white fat
cushions the back of the eye, protects the kidneys
56
what is the location of brown fat
mainly in the neck and clavicular regions
57
what is the function of white fat
lipid storage, insulation
58
what is the function of brown fat
thermogenic it breaks down fats, releases metabolic heat rather than producing ATP
59
what is the structure of reticular CT
mesh-like, supportive framework
60
what is the location of reticular CT
lymphatic tissue, spleen, liver
61
what is the function of reticular CT
forms the stroma of certain organs, and helps bind together the cells of smooth muscle
62
What is the structure of dense regular CT
bundles of collagen fibres in a regular, orderly, and parallel arrangement that confers great strength
63
what is the location of dense regular CT
ligaments and tendons
64
what is the function of dense regular CT
allow ligaments to return to original length after stretching
65
what is the structure of dense irregular CT
collagen fibres that are irregularly arranged usually occurs in sheets
66
what is the location of dense irregular CT
parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions heart valves, perichondrium, tissue around cartilage, and the peristoneum
67
what is the function of dense irregular CT
give strength and recoil
68
what is the structure of elastic CT
consist of elastic fibres and fibroblasts
69
what is the location of elastic CT
lung tissues and elastic arteries
70
what is the function of elastic CT
strength and recoil
71
what is the structure of hyaline cartilage
short and dispersed collagen fibres and contains large amounts of proteoglycans. surface is clear and smooth
72
what is the location of hyaline cartilage
rib cage, nose, and covers bones where they meet to form moveable joints
73
what is the function of hyaline cartilage
allows continued growth until adulthood makes up a template of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation
74
what is the structure of fibrocartilage
thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through matrix. no perichondrium
75
what is the location of fibrocartilage
menisci in the knee joint and the intervertebral discs
76
what is the function of fibrocartilage
strongest of the 3 cartilages
77
what is the structure of elastic cartilage
threading network of elastic fibers within matrix perichondrium present
78
what is the location of elastic cartilage
external ear
79
what is the function of elastic cartilage
provides strength and elasticity and maintains shape of certain organs
80
what is the structure of bone
hardest CT extracellular matrix consists mostly of collagen fibres embedded in a mineralized ground substance
81
what is the function of bone
provides protection to internal organs and supports the body helps provide movement, stores minerals, and houses blood-forming tissue
82
what are the 2 types of cartilage growth
interstitial (endogenous) appositional (exogenous)
83
what is the structure of blood
consists of fluid matrix called plasma and formed elements
84
what is the function of RBC
transport respiratory gases
85
what is the function of WBC
involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions
86
what is the function of platelets
blood clotting
87
what are teh 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal smooth cardiac
88
what is the structure of skeletal muscle tissue
long, cylindrical fiber striated many peripherally located nuclei
89
what is the function of skeletal muscle tissue
voluntary movement produces heat protects organs
90
what is the location of skeletal muscle tissue
attached to bones and around entrance points to body (mouth, anus)
91
what is the structure of cardiac muscle
short, branched striated single central nucleus
92
what is the function of cardiac muscle
contracts to pump blood
93
what is the structure of smooth muscle
short spindle-shaped non striated single nucleus in each fiber
94
what is the function of smooth muscle
involuntary movement moves food involuntary control of respiration moves secretions regulated flow of blood in arteries by contraction
95
what is the location of smooth muscle
walls of major organs and passageways
96
what 2 cells is the nervous system composed of
neurons (nerve cells) neuroglia (protective and supportive cells)
97
Describe the structure of the basement membrane
epithelial cell basal lamina (mix of glycoproteins and collagen)(attachment site for epithelial cell) reticular lamina (secreted by CT beneath) connective tissue
98
what is ground substance composed of
GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) proteoglycans glycoproteins
99
what is the most common cell type in areolar connective tissue
fibroblast
100
what are the 2 cell types that function in bacterial phagocytosis
neutrophilic leukocytes (microphages) and monocytes (macrophages)
101
What is the unique feature of cartilage as a type of connective tissue?
Cartilage is not innervated and therefore relies on diffusion to obtain nutrients. This causes it to heal very slowly. it is avascular and its microarchitecture is less organized than bone
102
what is the epithelial membrane
consists of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. includes mucous, serous, and the cutaneous membranes
103
what is the cutaneous membrane
the skin
104
what is a mucous membrane
line cavities that open to the exterior of the body they are coated with the secretions of mucous glands
105
what is a serous membrane
line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
106
what is a synovial membrane
line joint cavities and produce fluid within the joint
107
tissue repair can only occur when
inflammation has resolved
108
what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation
erythema swelling pain heat
109
what is happening during inflammation
histamine and other inflammatory mediators cause increased blood flow to injured tissue through vasodilation these mediators also cause leaky local blood vessels, causing edema the swollen tissues squeeze pain receptors
110
what is a tight junction
apical basal compartments no extracellular space between cells movement of substances between cells is blocked
111
what is an anchoring junction
stabilize epithelial tissues strong and flexible connections common on lateral and basal cell surfaces
112
what are desmosomes
occur in patches (structural proteins) on inner surface of cells membrane link to other cells cadherin
113
what are hemidesmosomes
link cells to the extracellular matrix (ex. basal lamina) integrins protein
114
what are adherens junctions
use either cadherin or integrin depending on if they are connecting to other cells or matrix have contractile protein actin on the cytoplasmic surface
115
what is a gap junction
forms an intracellular passageway between the membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate movement of small molecules and ions between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
116
what are the 3 CT fibre types
collagen fibers elastic fibers reticular fibers
117
what are collagen fibers
composed of the protein collagen very tough and resistant to stretching found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
118
what are elastic fibers
composed of the protein elastin provide strength and stretching capacity found in the skin, blood vessels, and lungs
119
what are reticular fibers
consist of collagen and glycoprotein provide support in the walls of blood vessels form a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers
120
what is an osteon composed of
lamella lacunae canaliculi cantral (haversian) canal
121
what is the lamella
concentric rings of matrix consist of mineral ssalts that make bones hard and collagen for strength
122
what are the lacunae
small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
123
what are canaliculi
minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes, which provide routes for nutrients and waste transport
124
what is the haversian canal (central canal)
contains blood vessels and nerves spongy bone has trabeculae instead of osteons

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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