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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue

A

a group of cells that have a similar embryological origin and are specialized.

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2
Q

What are the 3 embryonic germ layers that form tissues?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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3
Q

What is the ectoderm

A

outer layer
skin cells, neurons, pigment cells

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4
Q

What is the mesoderm

A

middle layer
cardiac, skeletal, smooth muscle, RBC

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5
Q

What is endoderm

A

inner layer
lung cell, thyroid cell, pancreatic cell

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6
Q

What are the 4 primary adult tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervois

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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, forms glands.
provides protection

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8
Q

What is connective tissue

A

protects and supports the body and organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity

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9
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

responsible for movement and generation of force.

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10
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

initiates and transmits action potentials that help coordinate body activities, monitors the external environment, and contributes to homeostasis

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11
Q

What is the structure of epithelial tissue

A

arranged in sheets in single/multiple layers
consists mostly of packer cells with little extracellular material.
many cell junctions
has an apical surface (exposed) and a basal surface (close to the underlying body structures)

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12
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells

A

protection
filtration
lubrication
secretion
digestion
absorption
transportation
excretion
sensory reception
reproduction

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13
Q

What are the major features of epithelial cells?

A

nearly completely avascular
all substances that enter the body must cross the epithelium
high capacity for renewal

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14
Q

Describe the classification scheme of epithelia

A

stratified or simple
squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
psuedostratified columnar (misshapen tall)

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15
Q

Where are simple squamous cells found

A

where there is little wear and tear
where rapid passage of chemicals is observed

ex. alveoli, lining capillaries, lining body cavities

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16
Q

Where are simple cuboidal cells found?

A

where secretion and absorption of molecules is observed

ex. lining of kidney tubules and in ducts of glands

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17
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found?

A

ciliated or non ciliated, found at sites of absorption and secretion

ex. lining the fallopian tubes and parts of the respiratory system

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18
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar cells found?

A

have goblet cells that secrete mucous inbetween

ex. respiratory tract

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19
Q

Where are stratified squamous cells found?

A

protects against abrasion
lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina

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20
Q

Where are stratified cuboidal cells found

A

protective tissue
sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands

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21
Q

Where are stratified columnar cells found

A

secretes and protects
male urethra, and the ducts of some glands

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22
Q

Where are transitional cells found

A

allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch
lines bladder, urethra, and the ureters

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23
Q

What is a gland

A

a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

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24
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

ductless
their secretory products (hormones) enter the extracellular fluid and diffuse into blood

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25
Q

What do endocrine glands secrete?

A

hormones

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26
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

secrete products into ducts that empty at the surface of the covering and lining of the epithelium or directly onto a free surface

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27
Q

What do exocrine glands secrete?

A

sweat, mucous, saliva, breast milk

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28
Q

What are the 3 types of exocrine glands

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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29
Q

How do merocrine glands secrete?

A

they release their secretions via exocytosis

ex. eccrine sweat gland

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30
Q

How do apocrine glands secrete?

A

they pinch off their apical surfaces along with their secretory vesicle

ex. apocrine sweat gland

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31
Q

How do holocrine glands secrete?

A

they rupture and destroy the entire gland cell

ex. sebaceous glands that lubricate and protect skin and hair

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32
Q

What is a serous type

A

watery, blood plasma-like secretions rich in enzymes

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33
Q

What is a mucous type

A

watery to viscous products rich in the glycoprotein mucin

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34
Q

What are the main characteristics of CT

A

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body
don’t occur on free surfaces
highly vascular (except cartilage and tendons)
has a nerve supply
dispersed in a matrix

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35
Q

What 3 things make up CT

A

cells
ground substance
proteins

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36
Q

What is the matrix made of

A

ground substance and proteins

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37
Q

What 3 categories can CT be classified into

A

CT proper
Supportive CT
Fluid CT

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38
Q

what is CT proper

A

loose CT

areolar, adipose, reticular

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39
Q

What is supportive CT

A

cartilage, hyaline, fibrocartilage, bones

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40
Q

What is fluid CT

A

blood, lymph

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41
Q

immature cells

A

-blast

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42
Q

mature cells

A

-cyte

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43
Q

what do fibroblasts do

A

secrete fibres and matrix

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44
Q

what do macrophages and histiocytes do

A

develop from monocytes and are phagocytic

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45
Q

what do mast cells do

A

produce histamine

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46
Q

what do adipocytes do

A

store energy

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47
Q

which substances are found in ground substance

A

hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulfate
dermaten sulfate
keraten sulfate

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48
Q

What is the structure of mesenchyme

A

can differentiate into any type of CT cell required

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49
Q

what is the function of mesenchyme

A

supply the cells needed for replacement and repair after a CT injury

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50
Q

What is the structure of areolar tissue

A

random, web-like fashion

51
Q

where is areolar CT found

A

fills the spaces between muscle fibres, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdomen

52
Q

what is the function of areolar tissue

A

represents the CT component of epithelial membranes

53
Q

What is the structure of adipose tissue

A

consists mostly of fat storage cells with little extracellular matrix

54
Q

What is the structure of brown fat

A

has many mitochondria, which explains its efficiency at metabolizing stored fat

55
Q

what is the location of white fat

A

cushions the back of the eye, protects the kidneys

56
Q

what is the location of brown fat

A

mainly in the neck and clavicular regions

57
Q

what is the function of white fat

A

lipid storage, insulation

58
Q

what is the function of brown fat

A

thermogenic
it breaks down fats, releases metabolic heat rather than producing ATP

59
Q

what is the structure of reticular CT

A

mesh-like, supportive framework

60
Q

what is the location of reticular CT

A

lymphatic tissue, spleen, liver

61
Q

what is the function of reticular CT

A

forms the stroma of certain organs, and helps bind together the cells of smooth muscle

62
Q

What is the structure of dense regular CT

A

bundles of collagen fibres in a regular, orderly, and parallel arrangement that confers great strength

63
Q

what is the location of dense regular CT

A

ligaments and tendons

64
Q

what is the function of dense regular CT

A

allow ligaments to return to original length after stretching

65
Q

what is the structure of dense irregular CT

A

collagen fibres that are irregularly arranged
usually occurs in sheets

66
Q

what is the location of dense irregular CT

A

parts of the body where tensions are exerted in various directions
heart valves, perichondrium, tissue around cartilage, and the peristoneum

67
Q

what is the function of dense irregular CT

A

give strength and recoil

68
Q

what is the structure of elastic CT

A

consist of elastic fibres and fibroblasts

69
Q

what is the location of elastic CT

A

lung tissues and elastic arteries

70
Q

what is the function of elastic CT

A

strength and recoil

71
Q

what is the structure of hyaline cartilage

A

short and dispersed collagen fibres and contains large amounts of proteoglycans.
surface is clear and smooth

72
Q

what is the location of hyaline cartilage

A

rib cage, nose, and covers bones where they meet to form moveable joints

73
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage

A

allows continued growth until adulthood
makes up a template of the embryonic skeleton before bone formation

74
Q

what is the structure of fibrocartilage

A

thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through matrix.
no perichondrium

75
Q

what is the location of fibrocartilage

A

menisci in the knee joint and the intervertebral discs

76
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage

A

strongest of the 3 cartilages

77
Q

what is the structure of elastic cartilage

A

threading network of elastic fibers within matrix
perichondrium present

78
Q

what is the location of elastic cartilage

A

external ear

79
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage

A

provides strength and elasticity and maintains shape of certain organs

80
Q

what is the structure of bone

A

hardest CT
extracellular matrix consists mostly of collagen fibres embedded in a mineralized ground substance

81
Q

what is the function of bone

A

provides protection to internal organs and supports the body
helps provide movement, stores minerals, and houses blood-forming tissue

82
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilage growth

A

interstitial (endogenous)
appositional (exogenous)

83
Q

what is the structure of blood

A

consists of fluid matrix called plasma and formed elements

84
Q

what is the function of RBC

A

transport respiratory gases

85
Q

what is the function of WBC

A

involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions

86
Q

what is the function of platelets

A

blood clotting

87
Q

what are teh 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

88
Q

what is the structure of skeletal muscle tissue

A

long, cylindrical fiber
striated
many peripherally located nuclei

89
Q

what is the function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

voluntary movement
produces heat
protects organs

90
Q

what is the location of skeletal muscle tissue

A

attached to bones and around entrance points to body (mouth, anus)

91
Q

what is the structure of cardiac muscle

A

short, branched
striated
single central nucleus

92
Q

what is the function of cardiac muscle

A

contracts to pump blood

93
Q

what is the structure of smooth muscle

A

short
spindle-shaped
non striated
single nucleus in each fiber

94
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle

A

involuntary movement
moves food
involuntary control of respiration
moves secretions
regulated flow of blood in arteries by contraction

95
Q

what is the location of smooth muscle

A

walls of major organs and passageways

96
Q

what 2 cells is the nervous system composed of

A

neurons (nerve cells)
neuroglia (protective and supportive cells)

97
Q

Describe the structure of the basement membrane

A

epithelial cell
basal lamina (mix of glycoproteins and collagen)(attachment site for epithelial cell)
reticular lamina (secreted by CT beneath)
connective tissue

98
Q

what is ground substance composed of

A

GAGs (glycosaminoglycans)
proteoglycans
glycoproteins

99
Q

what is the most common cell type in areolar connective tissue

A

fibroblast

100
Q

what are the 2 cell types that function in bacterial phagocytosis

A

neutrophilic leukocytes (microphages) and monocytes (macrophages)

101
Q

What is the unique feature of cartilage as a type of connective tissue?

A

Cartilage is not innervated and therefore relies on diffusion to obtain nutrients. This causes it to heal very slowly.
it is avascular and its microarchitecture is less organized than bone

102
Q

what is the epithelial membrane

A

consists of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.
includes mucous, serous, and the cutaneous membranes

103
Q

what is the cutaneous membrane

A

the skin

104
Q

what is a mucous membrane

A

line cavities that open to the exterior of the body
they are coated with the secretions of mucous glands

105
Q

what is a serous membrane

A

line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities

106
Q

what is a synovial membrane

A

line joint cavities and produce fluid within the joint

107
Q

tissue repair can only occur when

A

inflammation has resolved

108
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

erythema
swelling
pain
heat

109
Q

what is happening during inflammation

A

histamine and other inflammatory mediators cause increased blood flow to injured tissue through vasodilation

these mediators also cause leaky local blood vessels, causing edema

the swollen tissues squeeze pain receptors

110
Q

what is a tight junction

A

apical
basal compartments
no extracellular space between cells
movement of substances between cells is blocked

111
Q

what is an anchoring junction

A

stabilize epithelial tissues
strong and flexible connections
common on lateral and basal cell surfaces

112
Q

what are desmosomes

A

occur in patches (structural proteins) on inner surface of cells membrane
link to other cells

cadherin

113
Q

what are hemidesmosomes

A

link cells to the extracellular matrix (ex. basal lamina)

integrins protein

114
Q

what are adherens junctions

A

use either cadherin or integrin depending on if they are connecting to other cells or matrix

have contractile protein actin on the cytoplasmic surface

115
Q

what is a gap junction

A

forms an intracellular passageway between the membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate movement of small molecules and ions between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells.

116
Q

what are the 3 CT fibre types

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

117
Q

what are collagen fibers

A

composed of the protein collagen
very tough and resistant to stretching
found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

118
Q

what are elastic fibers

A

composed of the protein elastin
provide strength and stretching capacity
found in the skin, blood vessels, and lungs

119
Q

what are reticular fibers

A

consist of collagen and glycoprotein
provide support in the walls of blood vessels
form a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers

120
Q

what is an osteon composed of

A

lamella
lacunae
canaliculi
cantral (haversian) canal

121
Q

what is the lamella

A

concentric rings of matrix consist of mineral ssalts that make bones hard and collagen for strength

122
Q

what are the lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

123
Q

what are canaliculi

A

minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes, which provide routes for nutrients and waste transport

124
Q

what is the haversian canal (central canal)

A

contains blood vessels and nerves
spongy bone has trabeculae instead of osteons

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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