Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of several kinds of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and provide a structural framework for the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cytoskeleton consists of

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

microfilaments are composed of

A

Most microfilaments are composed of actin, and function in movement and mechanical support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Intermediate filaments are composed of

A

Intermediate filaments are composed of several different proteins, and function in support and helping to anchor organelles such as the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Microtubules are composed of

A

Microtubules are composed of a protein called tubulin, and help determine cell shape and function in the intracellular transport of organelles and the migration of chromosomes during cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Centrosomes are

A

Centrosomes are dense areas of cytoplasm that contain the centrioles—the paired cylinders arranged at right angles to one another—that serve as centres for organizing microtubules in interphase cells and the mitotic spindle during cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cilia are

A

Cilia are numerous, short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of a cell, which function to move materials over the surface of cells located in the lining of the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Flagella are

A

Flagella are similar to cilia but are much longer; usually, they move an entire cell. The only example of a flagellum in the human body is the tail of the sperm cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ribosomes are

A

Ribosomes are tiny spheres that consist of ribosomal RNA and several ribosomal proteins; they occur free (singly or in clusters) or together with endoplasmic reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ribosomes are the sites of

A

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is

A

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that form flattened sacs or tubules called cisterns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rough ER is
structure

A

Rough ER is continuous with the nuclear membrane and has an outer surface studded with ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Smooth ER

A

Smooth ER extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules, but it does not contain ribosomes on its membrane surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ER function

A

The ER transports substances, stores newly synthesized molecules, synthesizes and packages molecules, detoxifies chemicals, and releases the calcium ions involved in muscle contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Golgi complex consists of

A

The Golgi complex consists of four-to-six stacked, flattened membranous sacs (cisterns) referred to as cis, medial, and trans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The principal function of the Golgi complex is

A

The principal function of the Golgi complex is to process, sort, and deliver proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lysosomes are
structure

A

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed vesicles that form in the Golgi complex, and which contain powerful digestive enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lysosomes function in

A

Lysosomes function in intracellular digestion, the digestion of worn-out organelles (autophagy), the digestion of cellular contents (autolysis) during embryological development, and extracellular digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peroxisomes are

A

Peroxisomes are similar in structure to, but are smaller than, lysosomes. Peroxisomes contain enzymes (e.g., catalase) that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic substances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A proteasome is

A

A proteasome is a tiny membrane-bound sac that contains protease enzymes, which are able to cut proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The mitochondrion is
structure

A

The mitochondrion is bound by a double membrane. The outer membrane is smooth, whereas the inner membrane is arranged in folds called cristae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mitochondria are the site of

A

Mitochondria are the site of ATP production in the cell through the catabolism of nutrient molecules.

Mitochondria self-replicate using their own DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how many nucleus do cells have?

A

Most body cells have a single nucleus; some (red blood cells) have none; and others (skeletal muscle fibres) have several.

24
Q

nucleus structure

A

The nucleus includes the nuclear envelope—which is perforated by channels called nuclear pores—the nucleoli, and genetic material (DNA).

25
Q

what is inside the nucleus

A

Within the nucleus are located genes, the hereditary units of cells, which are arranged in single file along the chromosomes.

26
Q

chromosome

A

Each chromosome is a long molecule of DNA that is coiled together with several proteins. Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.

27
Q

The various levels of DNA packaging are represented by

A

The various levels of DNA packaging are represented by nucleosomes, chromatin fibres, loops, chromatids, and chromosomes.

28
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Proteins determine the physical and chemical characteristics of cells. The instructions for protein synthesis are found in the DNA in the nucleus. Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation.

29
Q

transcription

A

Transcription is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA), which directs the protein synthesis. Besides serving as the template for the synthesis of mRNA, DNA also synthesizes two other kinds of RNA—ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).

30
Q

The transcription of DNA is catalyzed by

A

The transcription of DNA is catalyzed by RNA polymerase.

31
Q

translation

A

Translation is the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein.

32
Q

The sequence of translation is as follows:

A
  1. rRNA and proteins form ribosomes.
  2. Specific amino acids attach to molecules of tRNA. Another portion of the tRNA has a triplet of nitrogenous bases called an anticodon. A codon is a segment of three bases of mRNA.
  3. tRNA delivers a specific amino acid to the codon; the ribosome moves along an mRNA strand as amino acids are joined to form a growing polypeptide.
33
Q

what is cell division

A

Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce themselves. It consists of nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis).

34
Q

somatic cell division

A

Cell division that results in an increase in body cells is called somatic cell division and involves a nuclear division called mitosis, plus cytokinesis.

35
Q

reproductive cell division

A

Cell division that results in the production of sperm and eggs is called reproductive cell division and consists of a nuclear division called meiosis, plus cytokinesis.

36
Q

The cell cycle is

A

The cell cycle is an orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two. It consists of interphase and the mitotic phase.

37
Q

interphase

A

During interphase, the cell carries on every life process except division.
A cell in interphase shows a distinct nucleus and an absence of chromosomes.

38
Q

mitosis

A

The mitotic phase consists of mitosis (or nuclear division) and cytokinesis (or cytoplasmic division).
Mitosis is the distribution of two sets of chromosomes, one set into each of two separate nuclei.

39
Q

stages of mitosis

A

The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

40
Q

prophase

A

During prophase, the chromatin condenses and shortens into chromosomes, formed by two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

41
Q

metaphase

A

During metaphase, the centromeres line up at the exact centre of the mitotic spindle, a region called the metaphase plate or equatorial plane region.

42
Q

anaphase

A

Anaphase is characterized by the splitting and separation of centromeres and the movement of the two sister chromatids of each pair toward opposite poles of the cell.

43
Q

telophase

A

Telophase begins as soon as chromatid movement stops; the identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil and revert to their threadlike chromatin form; microtubules disappear or change form; a new nuclear envelope forms; new nucleoli appear; and the new mitotic spindle eventually breaks up.

44
Q

cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm and organelles of a parent cell. The process begins in late anaphase or early telophase with the formation of a cleavage furrow.

45
Q

What are the components of a typical cell?

A

plasma (cell) membrane
cytoplasm (cytosol and organelles)
nucleus

46
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic lipid tails on the inside and the hydrophilic heads on the outside and inside of the cell.

47
Q

What is in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

proteins (mainly glycoproteins)

48
Q

What do the proteins in the phospholipid bilayer do?

A

channels (pores)
transporters (carriers)
receptors (recognition sites)
enzymes

49
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

to control the movement of particles into and out of the cell and to contain the cytoplasm

50
Q

What is the outer coating of the plasma membrane called?

A

glycocalyx

51
Q

What is the function and structure of the glycolcalyx?

A

formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids’ tails sticking out from the cell membrane
They make up the identity of a person’s cells.

52
Q

What are the 3 forms of membrane transport?

A

selective permeability
active transport
passive transport

53
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

only substances meeting a certain criteria may pass through unaided

54
Q

What is passive transport?

A

movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy

(O2 and CO2)

55
Q

What is active transport?

A

movement of substances across the cell membrane using ATP

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions