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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 layers of the skin

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis/subcutaneous layer

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2
Q

epidermis

A

the superficial portion of the skin
avascular
4-5 layers of stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

dermis

A

the deeper layer
primarily composed of CT

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4
Q

hypodermis/subcutaneous

A

lies deep within the dermis
consists of areolar and adipose tissue
an area of fat storage, blood vessel passage, and pressure nerve endings

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5
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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6
Q

what cell type is found in stratum spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum?

A

keratinocytes

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7
Q

keratin

A

an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties

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8
Q

what are the 4 cell types in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langherans cells
merkel cells

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9
Q

keratinocytes

A

produce keratin which helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes, and chemicals.

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10
Q

what are lamellar granules?

A

produced by keratin
release a waterproof sealant

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11
Q

melanocytes

A

produce melanin

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12
Q

langherans cells

A

participate in immune responses

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13
Q

merkel cells

A

touch a sensory structure called a tactile (merkel) disk, and function in the sensation of touch

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14
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis

A

papillary
reticular

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15
Q

papillary layer

A

areolar CT
contains fine elastic fibers, dermal papillae, corpuscles of touch (Meissners corpuscles), and free nerve endings for sensations of heat, cold, pain, tickle, and itch

superficial layer

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16
Q

reticular layer

A

dense irregular CT
contains bundles of collagen fibers and some elastic fibers
well vascularized
has a rich sensory and sympathetic nerve supply

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17
Q

what are the 3 pigments responsible for skin and hair colour

A

melanin
carotene
hemoglobin

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18
Q

what are the 2 forms of melanin

A

eumelanin
pheomelanin

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19
Q

eumelanin

A

black and brown

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20
Q

pheomelanin

A

red

21
Q

the amount of melanin present in our skin is
dependent on

A

a balance between available sunlight and folic acid destruction, and protection from UV radiation and vitamin
D production.

22
Q

What structures constitute the integumentary system

A

Skin
Hair
Nails
Glands
Receptors

23
Q

functions of the skin

A

Maintain body temperature
Protection
Sensory perception
Excretion
Synthesis of vitamin D
Immunity
Broad reservoir

24
Q

3 parts of hair

A

shaft above the skin
root that penetrates the dermis and SC layer
hair follicle consisting of two epidermal layers surrounding the root

25
Q

what is hair composed of

A

outer cuticle
inner medulla
innermost cortex

26
Q

what is hair follicle made of

A

hair bulb
hair papilla
hair matrix

27
Q

hair function

A

protection
thermal insulation
sensing light touch

28
Q

3 glands associated with the skin

A

sebaceous (oil) glands
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
ceruminous glands (earwax)

29
Q

sebaceous glands location

A

usually connected to hair follicles
absent in the palms and soles

30
Q

sebum

A

moistens hairs
waterproofs and softens skin
inhibits bacterial growth

31
Q

2 types of sudoriferous glands

A

apocrine sweat glands
eccrine sweat glands

32
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

limited to the skin of the axilla pubis and the areolae
ducts open to hair follicles

33
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

help to regulate body temperature through evaporation
eliminate wastes such as urea

34
Q

cerumen

A

earwax

35
Q

stratum basale/stratum germinativum

A

single layer
stem cells capable of cell division
attached epidermis to basal lamina
its function is to provide cells for the epidermis

36
Q

basal cells

A

cuboidal-shaped stem cells
precursor to keratinocytes

37
Q

stratum spinosum

A

provides strength and flexibility to the skin
spiny in appearance
8-10 layers of keratinocytes
has a layer of langherans cells (fx as macrophages)
keratinocytes in this layer release water-repelling glycolipids

38
Q

stratum granulosum

A

where a water repellent sealant forms between cells
3-5 layers
cells are flatter, thicker membranes
generates large amounts of keratin and keratohyalin

39
Q

stratum lucidum

A

present only in fingers, palms, and soles of feet
keratinocytes are dead and flattened
cells are densely packed with eleiden

40
Q

eleiden

A

a clear protein rich in lipids
derived from keratohyalin
stratum lucidum

41
Q

stratum corneum

A

most superficial layer
15-30 layers
dead cells
constant exposure to friction causes this layer to thicken and form a callus

42
Q

fx of stratum corneum

A

prevents penetration of microbes and the dehydration of underlying tissues
provides mechanical protection against abrasion

43
Q

how long does it take for the stratum corneum to be replaced completely?

A

4 weeks

44
Q

dermal papillae

A

projections of the papillary layer of the dermis into the stratum basal of the epidermis

45
Q

What is the function of the arrector pili muscles

A

Arrector pili muscles pull the hairs into a vertical position. The contraction of the muscles occurs under the stresses of fright, cold, or emotion.

46
Q

Accessory structures of the skin include

A

hair
glands
nails

47
Q

Vitamin D production by the skin depends on

A

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation

48
Q

nerves and blood vessels are found mainly in the:

A

dermis

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (8 decks)

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