Module 1 Flashcards
Define anatomy
the scientific study of the body’s structures
Define physiology
the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life.
Describe the different levels of organization in the human body (6)
Chemical-atoms bond to form molecules with 3D structures
Cellular-a variety of molecules combined to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell
Tissue-a community of similar cells
Organ-two or more different tissues combined
Organ system-two or more organs working together
Organism-many organ systems working together
List the major body systems (11)
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive (M&F)
Integumantary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
List the major characteristics of life (life processes)
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
Respiratory system fx
removes CO2 from body
delivers O2 to blood
Define a feedback system, and list the component parts of a feedback loop
a deviation in a physiological value that results in a reaction to reverse or intensify the change.
the 4 parts of a feedback system are the stimulus, sensor, control, and effector.
urinary system fx
controls water balance
removes wastes from blood and excretes
reproductive system fx (m)
produces sex hormones and gametes
delivers gametes to female
reproductive system fx (f)
produces sex hormones and gametes
supports embryo/fetus until birth
produces milk for infant
integumentary system fx
encloses internal body structure
site of many sensory receptors
skeletal system fx
supports the body
enables movement with muscular system
muscular system fx
enables movement with skeletal system
helps maintain body temperature
nervous system fx
detects and processes sensory information
activates bodily responses
endocrine system fx
secretes hoormones
regulates bodily processes
cardiovascular system fx
delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues
equalizes temperature in the body
cardiovascular system fx
delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues
equalizes temperature in the body
Describe metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism
Describe responsiveness
the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment
Describe movement
the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside of the cells.
Describe growth
an increase in size and complexity due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells or both
Describe differentiation
the change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state
Describe reproduction
either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; or the production of a new individual
Describe reproduction
either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; or the production of a new individual
What is the importance of organization to the function of the human organism?
compartmentalization:
the compartments keep body cells separated from external environmental threats and keep the cells moist and nourished.
They also separate the internal body fluids from the countless microorganisms that grow on body surfaces.
What is the difference between metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism?
anabolism-smaller molecules are combines into larger, complex substances.
catabolism- complex substances are broken down into simpler substances
metabolism is the sum of these two processes, which occur simultaneously.
What is a negative feedback loop?
a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point.
What is a positive feedback loop?
a mechanism that intensifies a deviation from the set point
What is an example of negative feedback?
stimulus: excess glucose
sensor: endocrine cells in the pancreas detect the excess glucose in the bloodstream.
control: pancreatic beta cells respond and release insulin
effector: insulin signals the muscle fibers, fat cells, and liver cells to take up excess glucose.
What is an example of positive feedback?
stimulus: first contractions of labour
sensor: stretch sensitive nerves cells that monitor the degree of stretching.
control: brain releases oxytocin
effector: oxytocin causes stronger contractions of the smooth muscles of the uterus.
What is a symptom and how does it relate to homeostatic imbalance?
a symptom is a subjective change in a body function that is not apparent to the observer.
An example would be a headache or nausea, which an observer cannot measure or see but can be felt by the patient.
What is a sign and how does it relate to homeostatic imbalance?
signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure.
An example would be something the observer can witness, such as a fever (raised body temperature) or rash.
What position is the anatomical position
standing erect facing the observer
arms at the side with palms turned forward and feet flat on the floor.
what are the three body planes?
saggital, frontal, and transverse
How does the saggital plane divide the body/organ?
vertically into left and right sides.
if the plane runs directly down the middle, it is referred to as median or midsaggital.
if the plane runs unevenly down the middle, it is referred to as parasaggital or longitudinal.
How does the frontal plane divide the body/organ?
into anterior and posterior portions.
the frontal plane is referred to as a coronal plane.
How does the transverse plane divide the body/organ?
horizontally into upper and lower portions.
the images are referred to as cross sections.
Describe the cranial body cavity
the cavity formed by the cranial bones of the skull
protects the brain and is generally regarded to be part of the dorsal cavity.
Describe the thoracic cavity
the portion of the ventral body cavity above the diaphragm
contains 2 pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity and is generally regarded to be part of the ventral cavity.
Describe the pericardial cavity
the tiny space between the parietal and visceral pericardium.
within the mediastinum and is included in the thoracic cavity, and thus the ventral cavity.
it protects the heart.
what are the names of the abdominopelvic regions top to bottom
hypochondriac region
lumbar region
iliac region
(middle)
epigastric region
umbilical region
hypogastric region
