Module 5: Foot and Gait Flashcards
what initiates the supination process from pronation
heel strike
functions of the foot
- ) adapt to terrain
- ) shock absorption
- ) stability control
what is normal foot angle
4-6 degrees in varus
what is foot neutral
it is the central point from which ligaments have enough motion to adapt to terrain 4-6 degrees
neutral is
congruency of talo-navicular joint
what does the foot being forced to exceed 4-6 degrees do
excessive pronation and sometimes excess supination and therefore tears and stretches of ligaments
muscle that control excessive pronation is
posterior tibia
primary nerve supply to posterior tibia is
L5
walking force on feet
1-3x bw
running force on feet
3-5x bw
jumping force on feet
5-7x bw
pronation of the foot involves
dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction
supination of the foot involves
plantarflexion, adduction, and inversion
supination is created by the
windlass effect
the joints can only raise if the
joints can glide and respond to the tightening of the plantar fascia during heel raise
limitation of dorsiflexion of the big toe is
functional hallux limitus
pronation happens naturally as result
of leg and body moving over the foot due to the 45 degree average angle between talus and calcaneous
supination begins as
heel raises from the ground
what does pronation do to the spine
pulls the spine toward pronated side of body by pulling on the psoas
supination does what to the low back
unloads tug on psoas, therefore releasing lumbar spine pull
controls blood supply to acetabulum
L2
muscle that flexes knee first 15 degrees off the ground
popliteus
popliteus is supplied by what nerve root
L5
popliteus does what to the knee
internal rotation
foot being stuck in pronation causes what to tibia
increased internal rotation, closing the joint space and breaking down medial meniscus
foot stuck in supination causes what to tibia
increased external rotation, closing the joint space and breaking down lateral meniscus
pronation is what percent of gait
40%
swing phase is what percent of gait
40%
supination is what percentage of gait
20%
stance/contact is
60%
swing is
40%
stance/contact phase is made up of
27% contact, 40% midstance, and 30% propulsion
pronation begins at
heel strike
supination begins at
heel raise
shin splints according to Hearon is
muscle imbalance between gastroc-soleus and anterior tibia muscle
posterior tibia does
planatflexion
ability of some materials to generate an electric potential in response to applied mechanical stress
pizoelectric effect
avulsion of the malleolus is more likely than what in extreme eversion sprain
deltoid ligament tear
how many bones in the foot
26
primary shock absorber of the body
foot pronation
what is considered normal with navicular drop test
9-11mm
what is abnormal for navicular drop test
15mm+
function of the midfoot
allows accommodation to uneven surfaces upon walking and gives support while standing
medial navicular is based off of what muscle test
posterior tibialis
anterior cuboid is based off of what muscle test
peroneals
neuroma most commonly affects what heads
3rd and 4th metatarsals
most common midfoot subluxation
posterior tarsal
tibia varum
bow legged
tibia valgum
knock knees
when uncontrolled pronation occurs during the gait cycle, what can happen
shin splints
