Module 5 - Endocrine System

Question 1

what do exocrine glands do?

Answer 1

secrete non-hormonal products via ducts

Question 2

what do endocrine glands do?

Answer 2

secrete hormones into interstitial fluid that diffuse into tissue capillaries

Question 3

hormones are

Answer 3

chemical messengers that act on specific target cells

Question 4

how do endocrine hormones act?

Answer 4

distributed into blood by distal target cell

Question 5

how do paracrine hormones act?

Answer 5

diffused locally to neighboring target cell

Question 6

how do autocrine hormones act?

Answer 6

act on the same cell that produced them

Question 7

water soluble hormones do what?

Answer 7

bind to a cell surface receptor on plasma membrane & cannot diffuse through lipid bilayer

Question 8

lipid soluble hormones do what?

Answer 8

diffuse through lipid bilayer & bind to intracellular receptors in cytosol or nucleus

Question 9

the types of water soluble hormones are:

Answer 9

amine, peptide, and eicosanoid hormones

Question 10

the types of lipid soluble hormones are

Answer 10

steroid, thyroid, and gases

Question 11

types of amine hormones

Answer 11

• epinephrine
• norepinephrine
• dopamine
• histamine
• serotonin

Question 12

types of peptide hormones

Answer 12

• antidiuretic hormone (adh)
• oxytocin
• growth hormone (gh)
• insulin

Question 13

types of eicosanoid hormones

Answer 13

• prostaglandins
• leukotrienes

Question 14

types of steroid hormones

Answer 14

• testosterone
• estrogen
• progesterone
• aldosterone
• cortisol
• androgen
• calcitriol

Question 15

types of thyroid hormones

Answer 15

• thyroxine (T4)
• triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 16

types of gases

Answer 16

• nitric oxide

Question 17

what is the hypothalamus in charge of?

Answer 17

coordination of homeostatic mechanisms & sending signals to pituitary gland

Question 18

two parts of the hypothalamus:

Answer 18

paraventricular nucleus (PVN) & supraoptic nucleus (SON)

Question 19

the PVN does what?

Answer 19

synthesizes oxytocin & ADH from posterior pituitary

Question 20

the SON does what?

Answer 20

synthesizes ADH from posterior pituitary

Question 21

follicular cells are

Answer 21

epithelial cells w/microvilli on surface & secrete T3 and T4

Question 22

parafollicular cells are

Answer 22

cells in the spaces between follicles

Question 23

parathyroid glands are

Answer 23

four small glands sitting posterior to thyroid

Question 24

what do the adrenal glands do?

Answer 24

regulate mineral and glucose homeostasis, promote puberty, & trigger “fight or flight” response

Question 25

what are the parts and subparts of the adrenal gland?

Answer 25

• cortex
  - zona glomerulosa
  - zona fasciculata
  - zona reticularis
• medulla
  - chromaffin cells

Question 26

what do chromaffin cells do?

Answer 26

synthesize, store, and release, norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 27

what does the pancreas do?

Answer 27

produces insulin and glycogen & breaks down macronutrients

Question 28

what does insulin do?

Answer 28

lowers blood sugar by increasing the rate at which cells store the sugar, either as glycogen or fat

Question 29

what does glycogen do?

Answer 29

increases blood sugar by decreasing the storage of sugar in cells, triggering the release of glucose

Question 30

what are the two parts of the ovaries?

Answer 30

medulla & cortex

Question 31

what is the medulla comprised of?

Answer 31

connective tissue for structural support and neurovasculature for hormone and nutrient transport

Question 32

what is the cortex comprised of?

Answer 32

stromal cells that become ovarian follicles

Question 33

leydig cells do what

Answer 33

sex hormone secretion

Question 34

sertoli cells do what

Answer 34

support in function and aid in sperm maturation

Question 35

germ cells do what

Answer 35

produce sperm cells through spermatogenesis

Question 36

the pineal gland does what

Answer 36

regulates sleep-wake cycle & transmits light information via optic nerve

Question 37

the thymus does what

Answer 37

converts lymphocytes to T-lymphocytes

Question 38

the GI tract does what

Answer 38

secretion of gastric juice & relgulates metabolism

Question 39

the heart secretes what

Answer 39

atrial natriuretic peptide: decreases aldosterone release and inhibits renin secretion

Question 40

the skin secretes what

Answer 40

cholecalciferol: vitamin D precursor

Question 41

fat secretes what

Answer 41

leptin: appetite suppression & increases metabolism

Question 42

path of sympathetic response

Answer 42

1. hypothalamus
2. neuronal signal
3. sympathetic trunk
4. neuronal signal
5. adrenal medulla
6. secretion of epin. & norepin.