Module 5 - Endocrine System Flashcards
what do exocrine glands do?
secrete non-hormonal products via ducts
what do endocrine glands do?
secrete hormones into interstitial fluid that diffuse into tissue capillaries
hormones are
chemical messengers that act on specific target cells
how do endocrine hormones act?
distributed into blood by distal target cell
how do paracrine hormones act?
diffused locally to neighboring target cell
how do autocrine hormones act?
act on the same cell that produced them
water soluble hormones do what?
bind to a cell surface receptor on plasma membrane & cannot diffuse through lipid bilayer
lipid soluble hormones do what?
diffuse through lipid bilayer & bind to intracellular receptors in cytosol or nucleus
the types of water soluble hormones are:
amine, peptide, and eicosanoid hormones
the types of lipid soluble hormones are
steroid, thyroid, and gases
types of amine hormones
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
- histamine
- serotonin
types of peptide hormones
- antidiuretic hormone (adh)
- oxytocin
- growth hormone (gh)
- insulin
types of eicosanoid hormones
- prostaglandins
- leukotrienes
types of steroid hormones
- testosterone
- estrogen
- progesterone
- aldosterone
- cortisol
- androgen
- calcitriol
types of thyroid hormones
- thyroxine (T4)
- triiodothyronine (T3)
types of gases
- nitric oxide
what is the hypothalamus in charge of?
coordination of homeostatic mechanisms & sending signals to pituitary gland
two parts of the hypothalamus:
paraventricular nucleus (PVN) & supraoptic nucleus (SON)
the PVN does what?
synthesizes oxytocin & ADH from posterior pituitary
the SON does what?
synthesizes ADH from posterior pituitary
follicular cells are
epithelial cells w/microvilli on surface & secrete T3 and T4
parafollicular cells are
cells in the spaces between follicles
parathyroid glands are
four small glands sitting posterior to thyroid
what do the adrenal glands do?
regulate mineral and glucose homeostasis, promote puberty, & trigger “fight or flight” response
what are the parts and subparts of the adrenal gland?
- cortex
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata
- zona reticularis - medulla
- chromaffin cells
what do chromaffin cells do?
synthesize, store, and release, norepinephrine and epinephrine
what does the pancreas do?
produces insulin and glycogen & breaks down macronutrients
what does insulin do?
lowers blood sugar by increasing the rate at which cells store the sugar, either as glycogen or fat
what does glycogen do?
increases blood sugar by decreasing the storage of sugar in cells, triggering the release of glucose
what are the two parts of the ovaries?
medulla & cortex
what is the medulla comprised of?
connective tissue for structural support and neurovasculature for hormone and nutrient transport
what is the cortex comprised of?
stromal cells that become ovarian follicles
leydig cells do what
sex hormone secretion
sertoli cells do what
support in function and aid in sperm maturation
germ cells do what
produce sperm cells through spermatogenesis
the pineal gland does what
regulates sleep-wake cycle & transmits light information via optic nerve
the thymus does what
converts lymphocytes to T-lymphocytes
the GI tract does what
secretion of gastric juice & relgulates metabolism
the heart secretes what
atrial natriuretic peptide: decreases aldosterone release and inhibits renin secretion
the skin secretes what
cholecalciferol: vitamin D precursor
fat secretes what
leptin: appetite suppression & increases metabolism
path of sympathetic response
- hypothalamus
- neuronal signal
- sympathetic trunk
- neuronal signal
- adrenal medulla
- secretion of epin. & norepin.
