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BSC2085 > Module 2 (LEC): Histology | Integumentary System > Flashcards

Module 2 (LEC): Histology | Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • sheets of closely packed cells
  • protection, exchange, secretion
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2
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • sparse cells in extracellular matrix
  • building and support of other tissues
  • bones (muscle attachment) & blood (transport)
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3
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • moves when cells contract
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4
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • cells comprising the nervous system in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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5
Q

What are the steps for preparation of a specimen?

A
  1. obtain sample w/proper orientation
  2. fix/preserve specimen
  3. embed in support medium
  4. sectioning
  5. staining
  6. examination
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6
Q

Orientation

A
  • improper orientation = damaged tissue
  • embedded with least resistance to knife
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7
Q

Fix/Preserve

A

deactivate enzymes to prevent degradation

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8
Q

Embedding

A

prevent physical changes

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9
Q

Paraffin Wax Embedding

A

wax fills the tissue, supporting cellular components

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10
Q

Freezing

A

rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen to harden the tissue

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11
Q

Sectioning

A

slicing of specimen with microtome

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12
Q

Methyl Blue

A

stains collagen blue

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13
Q

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

A

differentiation of nucleic acids in nucleus from proteins in cytoplasm

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14
Q

Hematoxylin

A

stains nuclei purple

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15
Q

Eosin

A

stains basic structures pink (proteins, membrane)

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16
Q

Van Gieson

A

stains connective tissue fibers (collagen, muscle, and elastic fibers)

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17
Q

Trichrome

A
  • stain cellular components using three different dyes
  • helpful for highlighting red blood cells within vessels
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18
Q

Silver Nitrate

A
  • Golgi Method: stain whole tissue black (neurons)
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19
Q

Light/Optical Microscope

A
  • beams of wavelengths through lens to magnify image
  • magnification: 2,000x
  • chromatic dyes to highlight tissue/cell components
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20
Q

Electron

A
  • particle beams through magnetic lens to produce 2D and 3D images
  • magnification: 2,000,000x
  • stains by increasing electron absorption, electron dense heavy metals
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21
Q

Squamous

A

flat and plate like

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22
Q

Cuboidal

A

cube-like w/ similar height, width, and depth

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23
Q

Columnar

A

column shaped, height 2-3x width

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24
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • glandular and duct portion
  • secrete non-hormone products into ducts, carry to other organs or outside the body
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25
Q

What are the three types of Exocrine Glands?

A

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

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26
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • only glandular portion, LACK ducts
  • product hormones secreted directly into the bloodstream
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27
Q

What are the glandular and duct portions of glands lined with?

A

glandular: secretory glandular epithelium
duct: simple cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells

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28
Q

Merocrine

A
  • secrete vesicles containing cell products
  • sweat and salivary glands
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29
Q

Apocrine

A
  • product accumulates on apical surface of secreting cell and is cleaved
  • mammary glands
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30
Q

Holocrine

A
  • secrete by shedding whole cells
  • sebaceous glands
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31
Q

Fibroblasts

A

produce collagen and ground substance

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32
Q

Adipocytes

A

store lipids to provide energy

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33
Q

Chondroblasts

A

secrete components of ECM of cartilage

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34
Q

Osteoblasts

A

secrete components of ECM of bone

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35
Q

Myofibroblasts

A

contractile cells of smooth muscle, also secrete ECM

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36
Q

Mast Cells

A

store and secrete histamine and heparin, involved in inflammation

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37
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Macrophages and Plasma Cells

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38
Q

Macrophages

A

destroy bacterial and cellular debris via exocytosis

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39
Q

Plasma Cells

A

secrete antibodies in defense of pathogens

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40
Q

What are the two components of extracellular matrix?

A

fibers and ground substance

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41
Q

What are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

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42
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A

dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

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43
Q

Areolar Tissue

A
  • contains collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
  • found in subcutaneous tissue
44
Q

Adipose Tissue

A
  • consists of adipocytes that store fat/lipids as triglycerides
  • found in subcutaneous tissue
45
Q

Reticular Tissue

A
  • consists of reticular fibers (very fine but strong when branched)
  • found in spleen and lymph nodes
46
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A
  • uniformly arranged collagen
  • tendons and ligaments
47
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A
  • irregular arrangement of tightly packed collagen
  • found in dermis, heart, and periosteum (surrounding bone)
48
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A
  • elastic fibers and fibroblasts
  • found in lungs and elastic arteries
49
Q

Cartilage

A
  • dense network of collagen or elastic fibers
  • ECM formed by chondroblasts
50
Q

Bone

A
  • move, support, and protect organs
  • store calcium and phosphorous and house red and yellow bone marrow
  • formed by osteoblasts which mature into osteocytes
51
Q

Liquid Connective Tissue

A
  • blood: RBC, WBC, and platelets
52
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A
  • long, thin, cylindrical cells with striated fibers and peripheral nuclei
  • attached to bones via tendons
  • voluntary movement, posture, heat production
53
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A
  • branched striated fibers connect via discs with 1-2 central nuclei
  • muscular component of heart
  • contraction of heart muscle for pumping blood
54
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A
  • spindle shaped, NOT striated, with 1 central nucleus
  • blood vessels, lung airways, walls of GI and GU tracts
  • constriction of vessels, airways, and tracts
55
Q

Neurons

A
  • respond to stimulus by converting into an action signal (electrochemical signal)
  • axon: long, singular projection
  • dendrites: numerous short branches
56
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • provide support, nourishment, and protection to neurons
  • small cell body with nucleus and cytoplasmic processes
57
Q

Gliosis

A

production of glial cells in the CNS in response to injury resulting in scar formation within nervous tissue

58
Q

What are the two categories of membranes?

A

Epithelial and Synovial

59
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A
  • consist of epithelium overlying connective tissue
60
Q

What are the three types of Epithelial Membranes?

A

mucous, serous, and cutaneous

61
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

line body cavities or tracts open to external environment

62
Q

Serous Membranes

A

cover visceral organs and line body cavities

63
Q

Cutaneous Membranes

A

skin or epidermis, overlying the dermis

64
Q

Synovial Membranes

A
  • line the cavities of mobile joints
  • composed of synoviocytes which create synovial fluid for lubrication of cartilages associated with joints
65
Q

What does the Integumentary System include?

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

66
Q

The Integumentary System accounts for what percentage of our body weight?

A

15%

67
Q

What are some of the functions of the skin?

A

protection, thermoregulation, excretion, absorption, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation

68
Q

Epidermis

A
  • epithelial tissue [no blood vessels]
  • outermost layer of skin
  • contains 4 main cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells
  • 3 pigments that contribute to skin color: hemoglobin, melanin, carotene
69
Q

Dermis

A
  • dense connective tissue
  • deep to epidermis
  • collagen and elastic fibers
  • papillary & reticular layer
70
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • connective tissue (adipose)
  • NOT considered skin layer
  • contains loose areolar tissue, fat, sensory receptors, and blood vessels
  • connects skin to bone and muscle
71
Q

Keratin

A

forms barrier against pathogens and protects deeper tissues against heat abrasion

72
Q

Sweat

A

secreted onto the skin (via sweat glands) to inhibit a microbial growth

73
Q

Defensins

A

antimicrobial proteins that help prevent colonization of pathogens

74
Q

Glycolipids

A

regulates water content (alongside sebum/oily secretions)

75
Q

Melanin

A

absorbs UV radiation to prevent damage

76
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

signaling cells to alert the body of pathogens, important immunological component

77
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin and lamellar granules, most common cell, gives skin protective properties

78
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin granules

79
Q

Merkel Cells

A

tactile cells associated with sensory nerve endings for touch reception

80
Q

Normal Flora

A

healthy microbial populations preventing overgrowth of pathogens

81
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

82
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • most superficial layer
  • 20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes void of organelles
83
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • only found in hairless skin (fingertips, palms, soles of feet)
  • several layers of dead keratinocytes
84
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • 3-5 layers of mature keratinocytes that produce keratin and lamellar granules
85
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • contains 8-10 layers of keratinocytes joined via desmosomal connections
  • also contains Langerhans cells
86
Q

Stratum Basale

A
  • deepest layer
  • single layer of cuboidal cells superficial to basal membrane
87
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

secrete sebum (oily substance) to soften the skin

88
Q

Sweat Glands

A

secrete salt and water to regulate body temperature

89
Q

Merocrine Sweat Glands

A

found all over skin and highly concentrated in palms of hands and soles of feet

90
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

large sweat glands located in the axilla and anogenital regions

91
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

secrete cerumen (ear wax) to protect and lubricate the external ear

92
Q

Hair

A

composed of dead, keratinized epithelial cells and associated with arrector pili muscles

93
Q

What are the five parts of the nail?

A

plate, bed, lunule, matrix, hyponychium

94
Q

Plate

A

translucent, visible portion of nail

95
Q

Bed

A

connective tissue deep to nail plate

96
Q

Lunule

A

half-moon shared area at proximal portion of nail

97
Q

Matrix

A

site of active nail growth

98
Q

Hyponychium

A

thickened free edge of the nail

99
Q

Epidermal Wound Healing

A
  • stratum basale detaches from plasma membrane and basal epithelial cells cover the wound
  • epidermal growth factor is released to promote basal stem cell division to replace
  • contact inhibition prevents continued migration of epithelial cells
100
Q

Deep Wound Healing occurs when

A

both epidermis and dermis have been injured

101
Q

Inflammatory Phase

A
  • formation of blood clot (hemostasis)
  • histamine released for vasodilation(widening of blood vessels) to promote WBC to enter tissue
102
Q

Proliferation and Migratory Phase

A
  • epithelial cells migrate across deep surface of the scab to cover the wound
  • fibroblasts enter and secrete granulation tissue
103
Q

Maturation and Remodeling

A
  • organization of collagen fibers and blood vessels returned to normal
104
Q

Fibrosis

A

formation of scar tissue (collagen fibers) secreted by fibroblasts

105
Q

Keloid

A

result of excess production of collagen in the formation of a scar

BSC2085 (11 decks)

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