Module 1 (LEC): Body Plan and Organization | Cell Biology Flashcards
What is the order of structural organization?
Chemical - Cellular - Tissue - Organ - System - Organism
Integumentary System
- skin & associated components
- protects body from external environment, excreted waste, detects pain, touch, dehydration, etc.
Skeletal System
- bones & cartilage
- protects body, provides framework, contains bone marrow for blood cells to develop in
Muscular System
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle (found in heart)
- smooth muscle (found within viscera)
- enables body to move through muscular contraction and relaxation
Nervous System
- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
- central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
- peripheral nervous system: everything else
- detects changes, processes impulses, and activates effectors to induce responses
Endocrine System
- endocrine organs: pituitary, thyroid, pineal, parathyroid, adrenal glands
- also in hypothalamus, pancreas, thymus, gonads, heart, stomach, and small intestine
- alter metabolism of target cells
Cardiovascular System
- blood, heart, and blood vessels
- pumps blood around body through vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients
- regulates water content of body fluids and temperature
Respiratory System
- air passageways, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and the lungs
- responsible for carbon dioxide/oxygen gas exchange
Lymphatic System
- lymphatic fluid, vessels, nodes, spleen, nodules, and thymus
- transporting various substances, takes lipids from gastrointestinal tract and transports fluids
Digestive System
- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
- responsible for breakdown of food so nutrients can be absorbed
Urinary System
- kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
- filters blood to extract metabolic waste
- maintain acid-base and mineral balance
Reproductive System
- female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia, mammary glands
- male: testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, penis, scrotum
- females produce oocytes (cells from which egg develops) and men produce sperm
Proper Anatomic Position
body upright, facing observer, palms forward
Axial Region
head, neck, chest, and trunk
Appendicular Region
limps and appendages
Superior
above
Inferior
below
Medial
towards midline of body
Lateral
away from midline
Dorsal / Posterior
back side of organism
Ventral / Anterior
belly side of an organism
Cranial
closer to head
Caudal
closer to tail
Proximal
closer to torso
Distal
away from torso
Stimulus
disruption in environment
Receptor
sensor that detects stimulus
Control Center
receives stimulus
Effector
relays response
Sagittal Plane
divides right and left
Transverse
divides top and bottom
Coronal
divides front and back
The Dorsal Cavity is comprised of which cavities:
Cranial and Vertebral
Cranial Cavity
brain and meninges
Vertebral Cavity
spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
The Ventral Cavity is comprised of which cavities:
Thoracic, Abdominal (intestines, kidneys), and Pelvic (urinary bladder, genitalia)
The Thoracic Cavity is comprised of:
Mediastinum [pericardial] and pleural (lungs)
Phospolipids
gives fludiity
Cholesterol
gives structural stability
Glycolipids
peripheral lipids on outer surface
Channel Proteins
allow flow of specific ions and permit movement of water (ex. sodium and potassium ion channels)
Carrier/Transporter Proteins
undergo structural change (active transport) and require ATP (ex. glucose carrier)
Receptor Proteins
recognize and bind to specific molecules (G protein coupled receptor)
Enzymes
catalyze specific chemical reactions
Cell Adhesion Molecules
provide structural support and adhere adjacent cells (ex. desmosomes)
Cell Identity Markers
enable recognition from other cells (ex. blood type markers)
Passive Transport
requires no energy
Simple Diffusion
diffusion of small, nonpolar molecules with no need of extra proteins
Facilitated Diffusion
requires membrane channel or carrier protein
Osmosis
diffusion of water molecules down concentration gradient
Active Transport
requires transporters and ATP
Tonicity
measure of difference in osmotic pressure
Isotonic Solution
concentration of solutes equal
Hypotonic Solution
lower concentration of solutes compared to cytosol (hemolysis, cell ruptures)
Hypertonic Solution
high concentration of solutes compared to cytosol (crenation, cell shrinks)
Primary Active Transport
uses specific carrier proteins driven by ATP hydrolysis (ex. sodium potassium pump)
Secondary Active Transport
driven by potential energy difference created from sodium potassium pump
Endocytosis
substance moves into cell
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
substance binds to receptor and vesicle forms around it
Phagocytosis
specialized cells engulf large particles
Pinocytosis
ingestion of small amount of extracellular fluid
Exocytosis
substance moves out of cell; packaged in Golgi complex and transported via membrane-bound particles
Transcytosis
substances moved into, across, and out of a cell
Nuclear Envelope
separates nucleus from cytoplasm
Ribosomes
where protein synthesis occurs
Nuclear Pores
regulate movement of substances across nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm
Nucleoli (ribosomal subunits from rRNA, chromatin contains DNA)
Cytosol
conduit for chemical reactions to take place
Microfilaments
provide movement and mechanical support
Intermediate filaments
cell strength and stability, used for cell adhesion
Microtubules
cell shape and structure, facilitate movement
Centrosomes & Centrioles
responsible for formation of mitotic spindles during cell division
Cilia
hair-like extensions that produce coordinated movement
Flagella
elongates extensions of cell that generate forward movement
Microvilli
increase surface area for absorption
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
houses ribosomes on external surface, enables synthesized proteins to be processed
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
catalyzes chemical reactions and important for hormone synthesis
Golgi Complex
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins after translation for secretion from a cell
Peroxisomes
contain oxidases and catalases, critical for removal of toxins from cell
Proteasomes
degrade damaged or excess proteins
Mitochondria
site of Krebs cycle and electron transport chain for ATP production
DNA is comprised of:
phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
Transcription
- produces mRNA from DNA
- occurs in nucleus
- newly formed RNA goes through splicing to remove non-coding regions
Translation
- produces protein from mRNA
- occurs in ribosomes
- tRNA reads mRNA sequence and catalyzes formation of peptide bonds
Interphase
G0
G1 - growth, replication of organelles
S - synthesis for DNA replication
G2 - growth continues, completion of replication, energy production for cell division
Prophase
condensation and extension of mitotic spindles
Metaphase
alignments of chromosomes
Anaphase
formation of sister chromatids
Telophase
nuclear envelope reforms around 2 sets of chromosomes
Cytokineses
separation of cytoplasm
How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?
46
