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BSC2085 > Module 4 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 4 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain & spinal cord
  • processing and control center of nervous system
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2
Q

brain

A
  • found in cranial cavity
  • four parts: brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum, diencephalon
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3
Q

spinal cord

A
  • continuous with medulla oblongata and descends into vertebral canal
  • consists of 31 segments with 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • cranial & spinal nerves, special sense organs
  • somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems
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5
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • voluntary nervous system
  • somatic afferent (sensory) nerve fibers transmit sensory info from body surface receptors to CNS
  • somatic efferent (motor) nerve fibers relay impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • involuntary nervous system
  • autonomic afferent (sensory) nerve fibers transmit sensory info from receptors in visceral organs to CNS
  • autonomic efferent (motor) nerve fibers relay impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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7
Q

enteric nervous system

A
  • nerves extending throughout GI tract
  • enteric afferent (sensory) nerves transmit info such as chemical change from GI tract to CNS
  • enteric efferent (motor) nerve fibers relay impulses to smooth muscle and GI tract glands
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8
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of smooth muscle contraction, propelling food through GI tract

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9
Q

sympathetic division

A

stimulatory role

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10
Q

parasympathetic division

A

inhibitory role

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11
Q

enteric nervous system

A
  • involuntary
  • enteric plexus of nerves extending throughout GI tract
  • enteric afferent (sensory) nerve fibers transmit sensory info from GI to CNS
  • enteric efferent (motor) nerve fibers relay impulses to smooth muscle and glands of GI tract; responsible for glandular secretions
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12
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of smooth muscle contraction, propelling food through GI tract

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13
Q

neurons

A

basic components of nervous system

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14
Q

sensory neurons

A

transmit stimuli from body to CNS

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15
Q

interneurons

A

remain within CNS, process and store information

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16
Q

motor neurons

A

transmit stimuli from CNS to the body

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17
Q

unipolar neuron

A

only has one nerve process extending from the cell body (found in ganglia)

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18
Q

bipolar neuron

A

has two nerve processes extending from the cell body (found in retina, inner ear)

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19
Q

multipolar neuron

A

has multiple nerve processes and dendrites extending from a singular cell body (majority of CNS)

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20
Q

what are the CNS neuroglia?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, & ependymal cells

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21
Q

astrocytes

A
  • largest & most abundant
  • connections with capillaries, neurons, synaptic endings, pia matter
  • function: anchor to neuron, blood-brain barrier, recycle excess ions, secrete chemicals for neuron growth & migration, repair damaged tissue
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22
Q

protoplasmic astrocytes

A

short, branching cytoplasmic processes in grey matter

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23
Q

fibrous astrocytes

A

longer, unbranched cytoplasmic processes in white matter

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24
Q

oligodendrocyte

A
  • smaller with fewer cytoplasmic processes
  • wrap tightly around axons, covering with layers of myelin sheath for insulation
  • form segments of sheath around several axons at once, thought to contribute to axonal regrowth
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25
Q

microglial cells

A
  • smallest of CNS neuroglia
  • thorn-like processes extending from ovoid bodies
  • remove cellular debris, invading microorganisms, and nervous tissue damaged by phagocytosis
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26
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • single rows of cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells
  • line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord
  • secrete and monitor cerebrospinal fluid
  • form semipermeable membrane between CSF and interstitial fluid of CNS
  • microvilli & cilia help circulate CSF
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27
Q

what are the PNS neuroglia?

A

schwann cells & satellite cells

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28
Q

schwann cells

A
  • similar to oligodendrocytes, form myelin sheath around axons
  • play role in regeneration of PNS neurons by guiding & stimulating regrowth
  • many myelinate a single axon, gaps called Nodes of Ranvier
29
Q

satellite cells

A
  • flat cells surrounding neuronal bodies residing within ganglia
  • provide structural support & form barrier, regulating exchange of substances
30
Q

myelin

A

covering of lipid and protein that surrounds axons & increases with age

31
Q

nerves

A

cord-like structure composed of bundles of neuronal axons that transfer sensory information to the CNS and motor information from CNS

32
Q

anatomy of a nerve

A

axon –> myelin sheath –> endoneurium –> bundles of nerve fibers –> perineurium –> epineurium

33
Q

membrane potential

A

build up of negatively charged ions in membrane, and positively charged outside membrane

34
Q

ion channels

A

allow for flow down electrochemical gradient, creating a current

35
Q

voltage gated ion channel

A
  • open in response to changes in membrane potential
  • activation gate closed at rest
36
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

open in response to binding of neurotransmitter/hormone latching to receptor

37
Q

mechanically gated ion channel

A

open in response to mechanical forces: stretching, vibration, pressure, etc.

38
Q

sodium / potassium pump

A
  • Na+ higher outside, K+ higher inside
  • pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
39
Q

leakage channel

A
  • open and close randomly
  • more K+ than Na+ channels
40
Q

depolarizaton

A
  • plasma membrane becomes less negatively charged
  • reaching threshold of -55mv causes voltage gated channels to open
  • sodium rushing in, pushing membrane potential to the positives, action potential then passing through
41
Q

repolarization

A

voltage gated potassium channels open, Na+ flows out

42
Q

hyperpolarization

A
  • no possibility of another stimulus, inactivated Na+ channels
  • sodium channels open but only strong stimulus can trigger action potential
  • K+ still open, making depolarization harder
43
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • occurs in myelinated axons
  • myelin sheaths lack voltage gated channels, action potential jumps from node to node
44
Q

continuous conduction

A
  • occurs in unmyelinated axons
  • sodium influx creates local positive charge, depolarizing region of cell
  • depolarization of one region triggers depolarization of adjacent region
45
Q

why does the action potential only propagates towards terminal?

A

despite current flowing in both directions, voltage gated channels become inactive, pushing current in other direction

46
Q

what is the speed of propagation determined by?

A

myelination, axon diameter, temperature

47
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

sense mechanical force like touch, vibration, pressure, and stretch

48
Q

thermoreceptor

A

sense change in temperature

49
Q

photoreceptor

A

sense light

50
Q

chemoreceptor

A

chemicals

51
Q

nociceptor

A

sensory receptor of painful stimuli

52
Q

osmoreceptor

A

sense osmotic pressure

53
Q

what are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

54
Q

parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

55
Q

thalamus

A

mood, emotions, movement, visual & auditory info

56
Q

hypothalamus

A

sleep/wake cycle, thirst, endocrine system

57
Q

epithalamus

A

emotional response to olfaction (smell)

58
Q

frontal lobe

A

cognitive thought and memory

59
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory area, Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension), learning and memory, emotions

60
Q

parietal lobe

A

body orientation, primary and gustatory cortex (taste)

61
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex & interpretation

62
Q

gyri

A

folds and bumps of brain

63
Q

sulci

A

grooves and indentations of brain

64
Q

meninges

A

layers between brain and skull: pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

65
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between pia mater and arachnoid mater, CSF fluid circulated here

66
Q

sinuses

A

peristeal and meningeal layers separate to create dural sinuses

67
Q

why is the blood brain barrier important?

A

breakdown of the barrier by toxins, inflammation, or trauma is life threatening

68
Q
A

BSC2085 (11 decks)

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