Module 4 Lesson 3 - Social Learning

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Learning through behavior that is already present, manipulating a stimulus to get a response.

Question 2

Operant Conditioning

Answer 2

A psychological behavior training that uses a similar behavior of the animal or person to reach the desired behavior.

Question 3

Observational Learning

Answer 3

Learning through observation that is sometimes completed through attempted tasks, originally started by Albert Bandura.

Question 4

Latent Learning

Answer 4

Learning that occurs without recollection or conscious thought of when we learned it.

Ex. A baby making sounds like their parents, holding a poon, or learning how to walk.

Question 5

Insight Learning

Answer 5

This is learning when you spontaneously come up with a way to work out a problem or issue.

Question 6

Biological Taste Aversion

Answer 6

Applying a consequence after an undesirable behavior through additional stimulus. This is also conditioned as taste aversion. People or animals can have a bad experience once with a specific taste and develop a lifelong aversion to it, as stated by John Garcia.

Question 7

Superstitious Behavior

Answer 7

When people practice certain habits or acts repeatedly to get a specific result.

Question 8

Learned Helplessness

Answer 8

When a person learns (grasps) the absence of control over their own behaviors.

Question 9

Predisposition (Or constraints) on learning

Answer 9

When something can stop or limit learning. This can be psychological (from the mind) or biological (a genetic trait).

Question 10

Psychological constraint

Answer 10

When learning is limited due to past experiences like taste aversion from eating food that we got sick from.

Question 11

Biological constraint

Answer 11

When learning is limited due to traits that are inherited, like an illness or disorder.

Question 12

What are the three ways in which we learn?

Answer 12

Classical conditioning - We learn by association

Operant conditioning - We learn through rewards and punishments

Observational learning (through working tasks)

Latent learning (unconscious learning as infants do when learning how to jump).

Question 13

Describe the Bobo doll experiment.

Answer 13

This is the idea that behavior is learned through observation. Can be cited in debates like “should violent video games be banned?”

In the Bobo doll experiment, a bunch of kids were in a room doing an arts and crafts project. Suddenly, a man entered the room and started to aggressively kick and punch a Bobo doll for 10 minutes straight, yelling ‘hit it, kick it.’ Some kids observed the behavior, some didn’t. Then, the researchers needed the kids to be frustrated by giving them an impossible puzzle to solve (the pieces don’t fit).

The kids were then brought to a room filled with toys, including the bobo doll. Many of the kids decided to beat up the bobo doll, yelling “hit it, kick it.” This proves that not only do kids learn, they can also perform through observation. However, some of the kids didn’t perform the violent act, but could if it was necessary. This is known as the Learning-Performance Distinction.

Question 14

Explain Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Answer 14

Ex. drawing a star
1. Attention - Needed to observe drawing a star

2. Memory - Remember how to draw a star
3. Imitation - Copy the way someone else drew the star (attention span and memory are needed)
4. Motivation - The reasons behind drawing a star

Question 15

Latent Learning

Answer 15

Learning that occurs without recollection or conscious thought of when we learned it (like learning how to walk or holding a spoon).

Question 16

Insight Learning

Answer 16

When the “aha” moment occurs. The “answer” suddenly comes to you.

Question 17

Biological Taste Aversion

Answer 17

Also known as conditioned taste aversion, where people or animals can have a lifelong aversion to a food or specific taste because of a single bad experience with it. (ex. Getting sick because of a food)

Question 18

Superstitious Behavior

Answer 18

An example of this is seeing athletes refusing to shave during playoff games, or when you wear “lucky” accessories on test day. It is a repeated act or “ritual” believing it will change what happens.

Question 19

Learned Helplessness

Answer 19

When a person realizes they cannot control the world around them so they are no longer motivated to change.

Ex. A person who has failed all tests in English class this term realizes that there is nothing they can do to perform well in the class. As a result, the student lacks the motivation to change the situation, so even tutoring or asking for help is believed to not be worth it since the grade will not improve.

Question 20

What are predispositions?

Answer 20

Constraints that prevent learning; is divided into two types, which are psychological and biological

Question 21

What are psychological constraints?

Answer 21

Taste aversion would be a psychological constraint. It is something that prevents learning due to past experiences. In taste aversion, the person who had a bad experience with a food at a young age will refuse to try foods that are similar, which limits their learning.

Question 22

What are biological constraints?

Answer 22

This can be a learning disability (like ADHD), a disease (diabetes), a physical disability (like blindness or deafness), or an inherited/genetic disorder (like autism). Any of these biological constraints can limit a person’s learning.

Question 23

Albert Bandura

Answer 23

Responsible for the Social Learning Theory (behavior is learned and can happen from observation of the social cognitive perspective). He is known for his experiments with learning on children, especially measuring aggression towards Bobo the doll (also known as Bobo the Clown).

Question 24

John Garcia

Answer 24

A psychologist that discovered the Garcia Effect (taste aversion) by experimenting on rats with radiation. His research is linked with taste aversion in cancer patients after chemotherapy treatment.

Question 25

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 25

A psychologist that came up with the idea of Classical Conditioning (working with a naturally occurring stimulus) by using his dog, food, and the dog’s response of salivating.

Question 26

Robert Rescorla

Answer 26

A psychologist (along with Allen Wanger) that advanced classical conditioning by developing the idea of an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

Question 27

B. F. Skinner

Answer 27

A psychologist responsible for the idea of operant conditioning - learning a new behavior is based on punishment and reinforcement. He is known for his Operant Chamber used in experiments on rodents and fowl.

Question 28

Edward Thorndike

Answer 28

A psychologist responsible for the idea of learning through taste (known as operations) by experimenting on animals like chicks. He is famous for theorizing that animals only learn by observation (the Law of Effect).

Question 29

Edward Tolman

Answer 29

A psychologist who studied behaviorism in animals, especially in rodents. He used mazes over several days with rodents and advanced observational learning.

Question 30

John B. Watson

Answer 30

A psychologist who studied behaviorism and is famous for his “Little Albert” experiment, where an infant (Little Albert) was classically conditioned to fear a docile, white mouse after it became associated with a loud, scary noise.