Module 4 - Classification Flashcards
Explain how biological molecules can provide evidence that species have evolved.
We can look at the DNA of two species , if there is a similarity in the sequence than we can deduce that there is an evolutionary relationship.
We can look at proteins and if the amino acid chain is similar then there is a evolutionary relationship
What are levels of the taxonomic group after kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
family
Carl Woese suggested a new top level taxon - domain
He used his results from studying RNA
Name the cell component that appears in organisms of all 3 domains that Woese suggested
Ribosomes
One of the domains is called Eukarya
Name the other 2 domains
Bacteria
Archaea
State 2 defining features of all membranes of the domain Eukarya
Nucleus
Linear DNA
80s ribosomes
State 3 reasons why the three domain classification system is now used in preference to the five kingdom system
The 3 domains fit phylogeny better
There are differences between bacteria and archaea such as having different cell membranes
Eukaryotes all have a nucleus
Woese carried out a detailed study of RNA molecules in order to draw his conclusions.
Suggest two ways in which the scientific community are likely to have validated Woese’s research
Peer Review
Replication of work by others to see if same results are obtained
The Titicaca water frog, Telmatobius culeus, is an aquatic amphibian found in Lake Titicaca in South America.
Name the genus of the Titicaca water frog
Telmatobius
Suggest why it is only in the last 10 years that the Iberian lynx has been classified as a separate species
Better technology has evolved
More genetic evidence
In the past roe deer’s main natural predator in Britain was a large carnivore of the cat family. The lynx became extinct in Britain around 1000 years ago. Plans are being considered to reintroduce the Eurasian lynx from these European populations to the wild parts of Britain to improve biodiversity.
Suggest one reason why some people might object to this reintroduction.
Could cause potential danger to local wildlife and the environment may no longer be suitable for lynx
The Iberian Lynx and Eurasian lynx were once classified within the species, based on their observable features.
In the past 10 years, the Iberian lynx has been reclassified as a separate species within the genus Lynx, on the basis of its phylogeny
Define the term phylogeny and explain how phylogeny is related to classification. Use the lynx species as examples.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary relationship between species.
Phylogeny is the basis of classification, species within the same group have common ancestor
The lynx are similar as they have been placed in the same genus.
A multicellular organism with a cell wall is what kingdom and what would the cell wall be made out of
Plant kingdom
Cellulose
A unicellular organism with a cell wall is what kingdom and what would the cell wall be made out of
Fungi
Chitin
Describe how the genetic material is arranged in organisms in the same kingdom as a unicellular organism
Only one chromosome
Discuss the classification of slime moulds and include the range of evidence which classification might be based on
Slime moulds are eukaryotes. This is based on the amino acid sequences. Amino acid sequence of slime moulds are more similar to plants and fungi than protoctists.
Explain why bats and birds, despite not being closely related, have both evolved wings.
similar lifestyle
similar selection pressure
wings are an advantage for both bats and birds
Individual N. thermarum plants measure 10−20 cm across.
Explain why the size of N. thermarum is an example of continuous variation.
Its a range of values
Influenced by environment
Influenced by more than two genes
Variation between members of the same species is known as ..
Intraspecific
Fossils provide strong evidence that organisms have evolved over time.
Describe other types of evidence that support the theory of evolution. (6)
Similarities and differences in DNA
Similarities and differences in nucleotides
Similarities and differences in amino acid sequences
Similatieis and differences in behaviour
Similarities suggests that there is a close relationship between the species
Darwin made the following observation:
‘offspring generally appear similar to their parents’
State the conclusion that Darwin drew from this observation
characteristics are passed on to the next generation
State the name given to the evolution of a new species.
Specification
These hairs are between 200 μm and 500 μm long in response to different environmental conditions.
State the pattern of variation shown by leaf hair density.
Continuous Variation
State two features of organisms that belong to the Kingdom Protoctista.
Eukaryotic Cells
80s ribosomes
Explain why an insecticide might be less effective after being used for many years.
Insects may develop resistance
What new source of evidence might help today’s scientists to find out how closely related termites are to cockroaches?
DNA
The habitat of these snail populations did not change over the ten years.
State the term used to describe the random changes in allele frequency in a small population.
Genetic drift
Name the type of isolating mechanism that prevents interbreeding between these three snail populations.
Geographical Isolation
Adaptations can be divided into three types.
State the type of adaptation represented by the tiger’s stripes.
Anatomical
Explain the advantage of each adaptation.
Adaptation 1: No waxy cuticle
Adaptation 2: Stem tissue that contains air spaces
Adaptation 3: A thin, flexible stem
Water loss
Stem tissues contains air spaces, allows buoyancy
Less support needed
Islands, such as Madagascar, often have species that are different from those on the nearest land mass because they are reproductively isolated.
State three other conditions that must be present in order for speciation to occur.
Mutation
Natural Selection
Time
State one way in which genetic diversity can be measured.
Genetic Polymorphism
