Mixed Exam Style Questions Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

Which valves is pushed open by oxygenated blood entering a ventricle?

A

Bicuspid Valve - two openings

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2
Q

What type of disease is malaria?

A

Parasitic

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3
Q

Explain discontinuous and continuous varation

A

Discontinuous variation is usually represented by bar graph. It is controlled by one or two genes and unaffected by the environment.
e.g. blood type

Continuos Variation is usually is represented with a histogram or a curve. It is controlled by a number of genes (polygenes) and are often influenced by environmental factors.
e.g. height

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4
Q

What piece of apparatus is used to determine the blood glucose concentration over a short time period following a meal

A

Biosensor

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5
Q

Why is it important to calibrate a colorimeter?

A

For accuracy and comparable data

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6
Q

What is the covalent chemical bond which links two cysteine amino acids

A

Disulfide

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7
Q

Name the molecule that is found in the cell walls of bacterial cells

A

Peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Describe what is happening when the ‘‘lub’ sound is heart?

A

Atrio Ventricular valves closing and blood leaving the ventricles

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9
Q

Describe what is happening when the ‘‘dub’ sound is heart?

A

The back flow of blood closes the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery as the ventricles relax

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10
Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide.

What type of reaction occurs when broken down and what monosaccharides are produced?

A

Reaction - hydrolysis

Monosaccharide - alpha glucose + fructose

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11
Q

Sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose

Which of the bonds is broken by sucrase

A

Alpha glycosidic

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12
Q

The enzyme microtubule depolymerise is responsible for the breakdown of spindle fibres in mitosis.
Which phase has the highest number of active microtubule depolymerise enzyme?

A

Telophase

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13
Q

What test should become positive when amylase is tested?

A

Benedicts test
Biuret Test

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.

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14
Q

State two differences between a molecule of ADP and DNA nucleotide that contains adenine

A

ADP has two phosphate groups whereas DNA only has one phosphate group
ADP has a ribose sugar whereas DNA has a deoxyribose sugar

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15
Q

ADP binds with an inorganic phosphate to make ATP

Name this type of reaction

A

Condensation

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16
Q

Explain how the genetic code in the gene for tubulin codes for the protein tubulin

A

Each gene contains a codon which have 3 bases, which code for an amino acid.
The sequences of bases determines the sequence of amino acid and codes for the protein

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17
Q

Describe three cellular functions of the cytoskeleton apart from the formation of microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton provides shape and stability to the cell
Cytoskeleton helps with movement of organelles around the cell e.g. vesicles
Cytoskeleton provides mechanical strength to cells

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18
Q

Suggest two ways tubulin is essential to protein synthesis and protein secretion in eukaryotic cells.

A

Tubulin helps with the movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Tubulin helps with the movement of vesicles from the RER to the Golgi where the protein is check and repackaged

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19
Q

Explain how to measure the diameter of the nucleus of one of the WBC, when observing the cells through a light microscope

A

You will need a eyepiece graticule
Calculate for one eye piece unit
Then view the nucleus and find out the diameter in epu
Take repeat measurements and calculate a mean diameter
Use calibrated epu to calculate diameter of nucleus

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20
Q

Compare 3 microscopes:

  1. SEM
  2. TEM
  3. Laser Scanning
A

SEM - 3-10nm, 3D, black and white
TEM - 0.5nm, 2D, black and white
Laser Scanning - 200nm, 2D/3D, colour

21
Q

DNA can be extracted from white blood cells

Explain why the cells do not need to be crushed before adding detergent

A

Do not have cell walls to break open

22
Q

Suggest the type of enzyme that should be used to extract DNA from White blood cells

A

Hydrolytic enzyme as it breaks down histones

23
Q

Explain why using standard deviation would increase the confidence in any conclusion made

A

Standard deviation shows the spread of data around the mean. It reduces the effect of an anomaly

24
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium
The graph shows the percentage of samples that were methicillin resistant (MRSA).
Suggest explanations for the positive correlation in the data in the graph

A

Over prescription of methicillin
Not completing the course
Natural Selection of MRSA

25
Staphlyococcus aureus is the binomial name for a species of bacterium State one advantage of referring to staphylococcus aureus in this way
Universal Language
26
Explain the importance of maintaining biodiversity for the discover of new antibiotics
Plants are used to make drugs | It increases the chance of finding new drugs
27
Explain what is meant by personalised medicine and synthetic biology
Personalised medicine is medicine made catered to someones geneotype/gene Synthetic Biology - is the synthesis of new genes
28
Explain how the structure of glycogen differs from that of amylopectin to make it better suited as an energy store in animals
Glycogen is more branched More coiled More compact so less space needed for storage
29
Describe the structure of alpha glucose and beta glucose
Alpha glucose has OH at the bottom on carbon 1 Beta glucose has OH at the top on carbon 1
30
State two differences between the closed circulatory system of the sea bass and the closed circulatory system of a mammal
Sea bass is single whereas mammal is double | Sea bass blood only goes through heart once, mammal blood goes through heart twice
31
Define the term closed circulatory system
Blood is moving within the vessels
32
Name two arteries that can be seen in a heart
Coronary artery | Pulmonary Artery
33
What is the inner dividing of the wall in the heart called and what does it do?
Septum | Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
34
What is an extracellular enzyme
Works outside of the cell
35
Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of the lack of nuclei and other membrane bound organelles to mammalian erythrocytes
Advantage - large surface area so more uptake of oxygen | Disadvantage - no genetic material so cannot divide
36
Viruses do not use erythrocytes as host cells whereas the malarial pathogen Plasmodium spends part of its life cycle inside erythrocytes Suggest Why
Virus is unable to replicate outside a host cell as it does not contain ribosomes for protein synthesis. Plasmodium uses erythrocytes as host cells to hide from the immune system
37
Explain why erythrocytes do not make use of any of the oxygen that are transporting
They lack mitochondria therefore no aerobic respiration
38
What name is given to a change in the oxygen dissociation curve due to increasing carbon dioxide concentration
Bohr Shift
39
With reference to the structure of blood vessels explain why oxygen is not released until the blood reaches the capillaries
Arteries have thick walls whereas capillaries have think walls. Diffusion distance is shorter in capillaries
40
Explain why the blood off loads more oxygen to actively respiring tissues than to resting tissues
In actively respiring tissue more CO2 is produced CO2 results in dissociation of carbonic acid / increase of H+ , leading to the release of oxygen
41
Which ion: is a cofactor for amylase Prosthetic group for carbonic anhydrase
Cl- | Zn 2+
42
Name a primary defence mechanism against pathogens
Blood clotting
43
Describe how a neutrophil looks like
Multi lobed nucleus
44
Describe how the structure of each blood vessel is adapted to its function. (6 marks)
Artery - carries blood away from the heart under high pressure It has a thick elastic layer which enables them to withstand pressure, as well as stretch and recoil. It has collage which maintains shape and provides structural support. Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes to change the size of the lumen. Veins - carries blood back to the heart, moving against gravity Thin elastic band, has valves to prevent back flow, more collagen to give structural support Capillaries - allows substances to be exchanged Walls are one cell thick so short diffusion distance Only large enough to allow red blood cells to travel through
45
How can PBO acts as an enzyme inhibitor
It is non competitive | the PBO binds to the allosteric site causing the active site to change shape and a substrate can no longer fit into it
46
State two features of organisms that belong to the kingdom Protoctista
Eukaryotic cells, Linear DNA
47
Explain how a pitfall trap can be used to set up and used to sample invertebrate biodiversity.
Dig a hole and place a container in the soil Cover to protect from rain Leave overnight Identify number of invertebrates
48
Many birds are found in moorland habitats, they are red listed and is a high level of concern Suggest measures that could be implemented to protect the biodiversity of moorland habitats.
Education Habitat Restoration Captive Breeding Programmes Give area/red listed species a protected status
49
What products are formed The enzyme thromboplastin + prothrombin = The enzyme thrombin + fibrinogen =
Thrombin | Fibrin