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A-Level OCR Biology > Mixed Exam Style Questions > Flashcards

Mixed Exam Style Questions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which valves is pushed open by oxygenated blood entering a ventricle?

A

Bicuspid Valve - two openings

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2
Q

What type of disease is malaria?

A

Parasitic

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3
Q

Explain discontinuous and continuous varation

A

Discontinuous variation is usually represented by bar graph. It is controlled by one or two genes and unaffected by the environment.
e.g. blood type

Continuos Variation is usually is represented with a histogram or a curve. It is controlled by a number of genes (polygenes) and are often influenced by environmental factors.
e.g. height

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4
Q

What piece of apparatus is used to determine the blood glucose concentration over a short time period following a meal

A

Biosensor

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5
Q

Why is it important to calibrate a colorimeter?

A

For accuracy and comparable data

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6
Q

What is the covalent chemical bond which links two cysteine amino acids

A

Disulfide

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7
Q

Name the molecule that is found in the cell walls of bacterial cells

A

Peptidoglycan

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8
Q

Describe what is happening when the ‘‘lub’ sound is heart?

A

Atrio Ventricular valves closing and blood leaving the ventricles

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9
Q

Describe what is happening when the ‘‘dub’ sound is heart?

A

The back flow of blood closes the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery as the ventricles relax

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10
Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide.

What type of reaction occurs when broken down and what monosaccharides are produced?

A

Reaction - hydrolysis

Monosaccharide - alpha glucose + fructose

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11
Q

Sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose

Which of the bonds is broken by sucrase

A

Alpha glycosidic

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12
Q

The enzyme microtubule depolymerise is responsible for the breakdown of spindle fibres in mitosis.
Which phase has the highest number of active microtubule depolymerise enzyme?

A

Telophase

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13
Q

What test should become positive when amylase is tested?

A

Benedicts test
Biuret Test

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.

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14
Q

State two differences between a molecule of ADP and DNA nucleotide that contains adenine

A

ADP has two phosphate groups whereas DNA only has one phosphate group
ADP has a ribose sugar whereas DNA has a deoxyribose sugar

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15
Q

ADP binds with an inorganic phosphate to make ATP

Name this type of reaction

A

Condensation

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16
Q

Explain how the genetic code in the gene for tubulin codes for the protein tubulin

A

Each gene contains a codon which have 3 bases, which code for an amino acid.
The sequences of bases determines the sequence of amino acid and codes for the protein

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17
Q

Describe three cellular functions of the cytoskeleton apart from the formation of microtubules

A

Cytoskeleton provides shape and stability to the cell
Cytoskeleton helps with movement of organelles around the cell e.g. vesicles
Cytoskeleton provides mechanical strength to cells

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18
Q

Suggest two ways tubulin is essential to protein synthesis and protein secretion in eukaryotic cells.

A

Tubulin helps with the movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Tubulin helps with the movement of vesicles from the RER to the Golgi where the protein is check and repackaged

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19
Q

Explain how to measure the diameter of the nucleus of one of the WBC, when observing the cells through a light microscope

A

You will need a eyepiece graticule
Calculate for one eye piece unit
Then view the nucleus and find out the diameter in epu
Take repeat measurements and calculate a mean diameter
Use calibrated epu to calculate diameter of nucleus

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20
Q

Compare 3 microscopes:

  1. SEM
  2. TEM
  3. Laser Scanning
A

SEM - 3-10nm, 3D, black and white
TEM - 0.5nm, 2D, black and white
Laser Scanning - 200nm, 2D/3D, colour

21
Q

DNA can be extracted from white blood cells

Explain why the cells do not need to be crushed before adding detergent

A

Do not have cell walls to break open

22
Q

Suggest the type of enzyme that should be used to extract DNA from White blood cells

A

Hydrolytic enzyme as it breaks down histones

23
Q

Explain why using standard deviation would increase the confidence in any conclusion made

A

Standard deviation shows the spread of data around the mean. It reduces the effect of an anomaly

24
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium
The graph shows the percentage of samples that were methicillin resistant (MRSA).
Suggest explanations for the positive correlation in the data in the graph

A

Over prescription of methicillin
Not completing the course
Natural Selection of MRSA

25
Q

Staphlyococcus aureus is the binomial name for a species of bacterium
State one advantage of referring to staphylococcus aureus in this way

A

Universal Language

26
Q

Explain the importance of maintaining biodiversity for the discover of new antibiotics

A

Plants are used to make drugs

It increases the chance of finding new drugs

27
Q

Explain what is meant by personalised medicine and synthetic biology

A

Personalised medicine is medicine made catered to someones geneotype/gene
Synthetic Biology - is the synthesis of new genes

28
Q

Explain how the structure of glycogen differs from that of amylopectin to make it better suited as an energy store in animals

A

Glycogen is more branched
More coiled
More compact so less space needed for storage

29
Q

Describe the structure of alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

Alpha glucose has OH at the bottom on carbon 1

Beta glucose has OH at the top on carbon 1

30
Q

State two differences between the closed circulatory system of the sea bass and the closed circulatory system of a mammal

A

Sea bass is single whereas mammal is double

Sea bass blood only goes through heart once, mammal blood goes through heart twice

31
Q

Define the term closed circulatory system

A

Blood is moving within the vessels

32
Q

Name two arteries that can be seen in a heart

A

Coronary artery

Pulmonary Artery

33
Q

What is the inner dividing of the wall in the heart called and what does it do?

A

Septum

Separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

34
Q

What is an extracellular enzyme

A

Works outside of the cell

35
Q

Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of the lack of nuclei and other membrane bound organelles to mammalian erythrocytes

A

Advantage - large surface area so more uptake of oxygen

Disadvantage - no genetic material so cannot divide

36
Q

Viruses do not use erythrocytes as host cells whereas the malarial pathogen Plasmodium spends part of its life cycle inside erythrocytes
Suggest Why

A

Virus is unable to replicate outside a host cell as it does not contain ribosomes for protein synthesis. Plasmodium uses erythrocytes as host cells to hide from the immune system

37
Q

Explain why erythrocytes do not make use of any of the oxygen that are transporting

A

They lack mitochondria therefore no aerobic respiration

38
Q

What name is given to a change in the oxygen dissociation curve due to increasing carbon dioxide concentration

A

Bohr Shift

39
Q

With reference to the structure of blood vessels explain why oxygen is not released until the blood reaches the capillaries

A

Arteries have thick walls whereas capillaries have think walls. Diffusion distance is shorter in capillaries

40
Q

Explain why the blood off loads more oxygen to actively respiring tissues than to resting tissues

A

In actively respiring tissue more CO2 is produced

CO2 results in dissociation of carbonic acid / increase of H+ ,
leading to the release of oxygen

41
Q

Which ion:
is a cofactor for amylase
Prosthetic group for carbonic anhydrase

A

Cl-

Zn 2+

42
Q

Name a primary defence mechanism against pathogens

A

Blood clotting

43
Q

Describe how a neutrophil looks like

A

Multi lobed nucleus

44
Q

Describe how the structure of each blood vessel is adapted to its function. (6 marks)

A

Artery - carries blood away from the heart under high pressure
It has a thick elastic layer which enables them to withstand pressure, as well as stretch and recoil. It has collage which maintains shape and provides structural support. Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes to change the size of the lumen.

Veins - carries blood back to the heart, moving against gravity
Thin elastic band, has valves to prevent back flow, more collagen to give structural support

Capillaries - allows substances to be exchanged
Walls are one cell thick so short diffusion distance
Only large enough to allow red blood cells to travel through

45
Q

How can PBO acts as an enzyme inhibitor

A

It is non competitive

the PBO binds to the allosteric site causing the active site to change shape and a substrate can no longer fit into it

46
Q

State two features of organisms that belong to the kingdom Protoctista

A

Eukaryotic cells, Linear DNA

47
Q

Explain how a pitfall trap can be used to set up and used to sample invertebrate biodiversity.

A

Dig a hole and place a container in the soil
Cover to protect from rain
Leave overnight
Identify number of invertebrates

48
Q

Many birds are found in moorland habitats, they are red listed and is a high level of concern

Suggest measures that could be implemented to protect the biodiversity of moorland habitats.

A

Education
Habitat Restoration

Captive Breeding Programmes
Give area/red listed species a protected status

49
Q

What products are formed
The enzyme thromboplastin + prothrombin =
The enzyme thrombin + fibrinogen =

A

Thrombin

Fibrin

A-Level OCR Biology (29 decks)

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