Module 3 Immunity Flashcards
What are the two main types of immunity
Cellular and Humoral
Humoral has two types of immunity which are
Active, Passive
A vaccine is what type of Humoral Immunity
Active
Toxoid is what type of Humoral Immunity
Active
Immune Serum is what type of immunity
Passive
Antitoxin is what type of immunity
Passive
Acquired immunity by having the disease and developing antibodies
Active artificial immunity
Immunity from a mother is what type of immunity
Passive Natural immunity
Why is an antitoxin not preferred
Comes from an animal, might cause allergic reaction
Inoculated means
an injection
When is immune serum used
After exposure
What are the characteristics of an immune serum (2)
Immediate and Short term
Where does Serum come from
Human blood (Serum globulin)
What is the difference between a vaccination and an immune serum other than immune serums are post exposure
Immune serums injected into the body are not going to be remembered by the immune system
Rhogam, Tetanus, Varicella-Zoster, Rabies, are all examples of
Immune Serums
When should Antitoxins be used
Last resort, post exposure
What are the characteristics of Antitoxins (2)
Immediate, Short term
Serum sickness is also known as
Horse sickness
Tetanus, Rabies, Diphtheria, Botulism are all examples of
Antitoxins
When are vaccines given
Pre-exposure
How long does it take for immunity to kick in after being given vaccine
1-2 weeks
Vaccines are known for being
Long lasting
Influenza, Polio, Pneumovax, Meningitis, Hepatitis B, are all examples of
Vaccines
When will vaccines be highly recommended
If they have been exposed to it in the past
When are toxoids given
Before exposure
How long does immunity take to kick in after a toxoid
1-2 weeks
Toxoids do not last last as long as vaccines and may require a
Booster shot
Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis are all examples of
Toxoids
When are live vaccines contraindicated (4)
Have current infection
Pregnancy
Asthma / Hay fever
Immunocompromised
If patient has low grade temp and is due for any kind of inoculation what do we do
Still administer it
What allergies contraindicate vaccines (5)
Egg, Neomycin, Gentamicin, Gelatin, Thimerosal
After Vaccination what should we tell patient who is looking to become pregnant (2)
Do not become pregnant for 3 months after immunizations
No MMR or Varicella in first trimester
If patient has localized tender effects what should we do
use analgesics, anti-pyretics
Drug class used for tx. for malignant diseases. (cure, control, palliative care)
Antineoplastic drugs
Proliferating cells, have no biological feedback controls to stop proliferation, more sensitive to antineoplastic drugs during growth and division
Cancerous tumors
Spares normal cells as much as possible (Killing malignant cells)
Cell Kill theory
Given as a single drug or in combination with other drugs
Administered in a series of cycles
Selected to work at different phases in the cell cycle
Objectives of Antineoplastic Drugs
Theory that says every malignant cell must be destroyed for a cure
Cell kill theory
Interferes with cell metabolism or the reproductive cycle
To optimize cell death they are administered at the time cell population is dividing
Action of antineoplastic drugs
Drugs class where Normal cells are also affected with rapidly dividing cells
Antineoplastic drugs
What do we do to help recovery of normal cells with patients taking Antineoplastic drugs
Give intermittently
What are the two main drug types of Cell Cycle Specific
Antimetabolites
Plant Alkaloids
Cell cycle specific drugs are also called
Chemotherapeutic agents
What are 4 types of antimetabolites
Folic Acid Antagonist (Trexall)
Pyrimidine Antagonist (5-FU)
Purine Antagonist
Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitor
Name for Folic Acid Antagonist (Trexall)
Methotrexate
Name for Pyrimidine Antagonist (5-FU)
Fluorouracil (carac)
Plant Alkaloids are also called
Mitotic Inhibitors
What are 4 types of Plant Alkaloids
Vinca Alkaloids (Vincristine)
Taxanes (Abraxane)
Podophyllotoxins
Campothecans
Name for Vinca Alkaloids (Vincristine)
Ancovin
What are Cell cycle Nonspecific also called
Independent Drugs
What are two types of Cell cycle Nonspecific drugs
Alkylating agents
Antibiotics
Causes DNA strands to bind together
Alkylating agents
What are 6 examples of Alkylating agents
Nitrogen Mustard Derivatives (Cytoxan) Ethyleneamines Alkyl Sulfonate Hydrazines Nitrosoureas Platinum Compound (Platinol)
What are 6 examples of Antibiotics
Anthracycline (Doxil) Chromomycin Miscellaneous Antibiotics DNA Inhibitors - inhibits synthesis Retinoids Enzymes
What is a side effect of Anthracycline (Doxil-Doxorubicin)
Turns urine red
What are two nursing implications for Anthracycline (Doxil-Doxorubicin)
Know that cardiac damage occurs with accumulation
Give dose early so patient doesn’t sleep with it
What is a side effect of Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (Leuprolide - Lupron)
Decreased libido
What is a side effect of Anti-estrogenic palliative (Tamoxifen - Nolvadex)
Hot flashes
Testosterone alters what hormone and what does it treat (2)
Androgens
Prostate and Breast Cancer
Premarin alters what hormone and what does it treat
Estrogen
Metastatic breast cancer
Megestrol (Megace) alters what hormone and what does it treat
Progesterone
Breast Cancer
Prednisone alters what hormone and what does it treat
Corticosteroids
Leukemia
Leuprolide (Lupron) alters what hormone and what does it treat
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
prostatic cancer
Bicalutamide (Casodex) alters what hormone and what does it treat
Anti-androgenic
Metastatic prostate Cancer
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) alters what hormone and what does it treat
Anti-estrogenic
Breast cancer
New drugs used in the tx of cancer
Target Cancer cells to stop their growth and development
Target therapy drugs
Bortezomib (Velcade) is an example of a _________ and what does it do
Proteasome
inhibits enzyme that helps cells grow
Erlotinib (Tarceva), Gefitinib (Iressa), Imatinib (Gleevec) are examples of a _________ and what does it do
Signal Transducer Inhibitor
inhibits signals that are the pathway for growth (proliferate)
Thalidomide (Thalomid), and Bevacizumumab (Avastatin) are examples of a _________ and what does it do
Angiogenesis Inhibitor
inhibits growth of new cells
Substances that use the bodies natural immune defense to fight infection, treat disease or protect the body against side effects from other tx.
Biotherapy
Drug group that is used for Cancer and AIDS, and is used with surgery, radiation, and chemo
Biotherapy
Bonds to receptor on cancer cell preventing proliferation
Immunomodulators / Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunomodulators / Monoclonal Antibodies drugs end in
Mabs
Cancr cell fused to B lymphocytes producing antibody aim at a specific antigen
Immunomodulators / Monoclonal Antibodies
Rituximab (Rituxan) is an example of
Immunomodulators / Monoclonal Antibodies
Considered Biological Response modifiers engineered to inhibit cellular growth
Antitumor Cytokines
What two substances are used for Antitumor Cytokines
Interferon and Interleukin
Used to increase immune response in bladder cancer
Antitumor Vaccine
Bacilli Calmette Guerin (BCG) is an example of a
Antitumor Vaccine
Manufactured by the kidneys to stimulate growth of RBC
Erythropoietin
Used to stimulate growth of thrombocytes. For platelets and megakaryocytes.
Oprelvekin (Neumega)
What are 3 adverse reactions of Anti-neoplastic drugs
Gastric Toxicity
Neurotoxicity
affects bone marrow
Define Xerostoma and what it could lead to
Dry mouth can lead to Anorexia
For N+V we use power pack foods such as
Ginger ale and popsicle
When should Antiemetic drugs be administered for N+V
1/2 hour - 45 minutes before and 48hr drugs
Stool softeners should be used
Prophylactically
Constipation is related to what drug group
Plant Alkaloids
When is constipation seen in Plant Alkaloids
5-8 days after therapy
What are the two side effects for Doxorubicin - 5FU (2)
Sloughing
Hypopigmentation
What is a major side effect of Methotrexate
Photosensitivity
What are the 6 drug groups for Antiretroviral drugs
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI)
Protease Inhibitor (PI)
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI)
Fusion Inhibitors (FI)
Integrase Inhibitor
CCR5 Antagonist
inhibit the enzyme Reverse Transcriptase that the HIV virus needs to replicate itself
NRTI
Drug group that makes single strand no double
NRTI
What is the main drug for NRTI
Zidovudine (AZT Retrovir)
What are 4 main side effects for NRTI’s
NVD
Anemia
Neutropenia
Headaches
What are 2 nursing implications for patients on NRTI’s
Monitor liver enzymes
Monitor lactic acidosis
What are 3 things we should know for Protease Inhibitors
can cause lipidemia
EKG should be on chart
cardiac arrhythmias can occur
What are 2 main drugs for Protease Inhibitor
Ritonavir (Norvir)
Nelfinavir (Viracept)
How should NNRTI’s be administered
Start with daily dose then go into 2 doses / day
What are two examples of NNRTI’s
Nevirapine (Viramune)
Efavirenz (Sustiva)
Drug group that helps prevent adhesion to CD4 cell
Fusion inhibitors
What is an example of a fusion inhibitor and how should it be administered
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) SubQ injection
What are 2 side effects of Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
allergic like reaction
increases effect of bacterial pneumonia
What is an example of a CCR5 antagonist
Maraviroc (Selzentry)
Maraviroc (Selzentry) can cause
Sore muscles
What is an example of an Integrase inhibitor
Raltegravir (Isentress)
What are two side effects of Raltegravir (Isentress)
Diarrhea
Nausea
Combination drugs are given to
Increase compliance
Lactic Acidosis is
Diarrhea, rapid shallow breathing, SOB
What are 4 main side effects of NNRTI
Vivid dreams
Positive Marijuana test
Steven Johnson syndrome
Mood changes
An AIDS Cocktail is composed of
2 NRTI
1 NNRTI
or 1 Protease inhibitor
What is the purpose of an AIDS Cocktail
Decrease drug resistance
If patient has HIV and Hep B what will be given
NRTI
When discussing the possibility of adverse reactions after receiving a vaccine, the nurse tells the parents of a young child that
The side effects are usually mild
Which type of immunity does an antivenin produce
Passive immunity
What type of immunity is produced by the hepatitis B vaccine recombinant
Artificially-acquired active immunity
Wha allergy contraindicates the measles vaccine
Gelatin
What are 3 signs of leukopenia
Fever
Sore throat
Chills
What drug substance decreases absorption of anemia
Antacids