Module 3 Flashcards
What are transport proteins?
Regulate movement of hydrophilic molecules through membrane
What is passive transport?
The diffusion of molecules from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration via a concentration gradient
What are the three processes included In passive transport?
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
What is simple diffusion?
Process in which some molecules diffuse through the phospholipid belayer of cell membrane
What is facilitated diffusion?
Process in which ions and molecules use Transport proteins to pass through cell membrane.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane down a concentration gradient.
What is energy requiring Transport?
Movement of substances through membranes using cellular energy, usually supplies by ATP.
What is active transport?
Membrane proteins use cellular energy to move substances against their concentration gradient across the cell membrane.
What is endocytosis?
Process in which cells engulf particles or fluids and require energy.
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Pinocytosis, receptor meditated endocytosis, and phagocytosis.
What is pinocytosis?
Also known as self drinking. Small area of cell membrane dimple in word and surround the interstitial fluid, dimple them buds off into the cytosol as a vesicles.
What is receptor meditated Endocytosis?
Specific molecules or complexes of molecules that cannot die fuse or pass-through channels in the cell membrane are taken up by cells. Require specialized receptor proteins located on plasma membrane in depressions called coded pits.
What is phagocytosis?
Process where cells transport large materials into the cell. Occurs when part of the cell membrane extends over the material and then fuses around it to form a vesicle called a food vacuole.
What is exocytosis?
So dispose of unwanted substances into the interstitial fluid using energy.
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose, oxygen
Where does photosynthesis take place?
In the chloroplast
What two stages does photosynthesis occur in?
Light dependent and light independent
What is light dependent?
Occurs in the thylakoid and generates ATP and NADPH.
What is light independent?
Also called the Calvin Benson cycle, occurs in the stroma and produces glucose.
What is oxidation?
An atom or molecule loses an electron.
What is reduction?
An atom or molecule gains an electron
What is a photo system?
Cluster of light absorbing pigment molecules within thylakoid membrane‘s in chloroplasts
What is Chemiosmosis?
Process through which ATP is generated across the inner membrane of mitochondria and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. Couples the movement of hydrogen ions down a concentration gradient to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate.
Where does light independent reactions take place?
In the stroma of the chloroplast
Which reaction between light dependent and light independent do not require light?
Light independent reactions
What are the steps and light independent reactions?
Step 1: carbon dioxide fixation,
Step2: reduction of ATP and NADPH,
Step 3: replacement of ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)
Describe the process of the light independent reactions (Calvin Benson cycle)?
Carbon from the atmosphere combines with RuBP to from a unstable 6C compound.
Stables and Splits into 12 3C compounds (PGAL).
2 PGAL molecules leave chloroplast to make glucose.
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Respiration carried out using oxygen to produce ATP
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen
What are the products are cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide water and energy
What is the fluid in the mitochondria called?
The matrix
What is glycolysis?
one glucose Molecule is broken down to form two Pyruvate molecules As well as a small amount of ATP.
What is the Krebs cycle?
A series of reactions that breakdown the end products of glycolysis, producing carbon dioxide and generating a large amount of ATP.
What is the electron transport system?
In the mitochondria and chloroplasts, a system of electron carrying molecules that transfer electrons to generate a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP
Give chemiosmosis is also known as what?
Oxidative phosphorylation
If oxygen isn’t present where does the pyruvate from glycolysis go?
Originally goes to Krebs cycle but if there is not a sufficient amount of oxygen Proceeds to fermentation
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration carried out without using oxygen to produce ATP
What is fermentation?
Carbohydrates are anaerobically broken down into simpler components, includes glycolysis and is widely occurring in yeast and bacteria.
What is lactate fermentation?
NADPH is used to convert pyruvate to lactate, occurs during strenuous activities and muscle cells.
What is ethanol fermentation?
Convert pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide with low oxygen conditions inhibit aerobic respiration
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
In the mitochondria
Where does an aerobic respiration occur?
In the cytoplasm
