Digestive tract Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
Ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment
Homeostasis consists of three components what are they?
Sensor, Effector, and control center.
Describe sensor in homeostasis.
Detects a change in internal environment
Describe effector in homeostasis.
Brings internal condition back to normal
Describe control centre of homeostasis.
Activates the effector based on info received from the sensor
In organic molecules include….
Water, ions (sodium, phosphates, hydrogen)
Organic molecules contain…
Carbon bonded with hydrogen, as well as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
What are macromolecules?
Larger more complex assemblies of organic molecules
Macromolecules often fall into what categories?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid’s.
How are macromolecules assembled?
Forms through dehydration synthesis
What is dehydration synthesis?
Water is removed
What process disassembles macromolecules?
Process called hydrolysis
What is hydrolysis?
Water is added
What are carbohydrates main functions?
Energy storage
What are the subunits of carbohydrates?
Sugars such as glucose and polymers of glucose
What are some examples of carbohydrates?
Sugars, starches and glycogen
What is the main function of lipids?
Energy storage and cell membranes
What are the subunits of lipids?
Glycerol three fatty acids or glycerol and to fatty acids
What is an example of a lipid?
Fats, oils and phospholipids
What is the main function of proteins?
Transport, blood clotting, support, immunity, catalyst, and muscle action.
What are the subunits of proteins?
Polymers of amino acids
What are examples of proteins?
Hemoglobin, collagen, antibodies, enzymes, Actin, and myosin.
What is the main function of nucleic acid’s?
Transfer an expression of genetic information
What are the subunits of nucleic acid’s?
Polymers of nucleotides
What are the examples of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What is a monosaccharide?
Carbohydrate was one sugar molecules
What are the two main types of carbohydrates?
Simple sugar and polysaccharide
What are polysaccharides?
Polysaccharides are chains of monosaccharides
What are the two types of lipids?
Saturated fat and unsaturated fat
What is saturated fats?
They are solid at room temperature, carbon chain has many H Atoms
What is unsaturated fats?
Liquid at room temperature, fewer H atoms
Do carbohydrates store more or do lipids?
Lipids store twice as much as carbohydrates
The chain of two amino acids is called a…
Peptide
Long chains of amino acids are called…
Dipeptide
What is the function of DNA?
Carries genetic information needed to make proteins
What is the function of RNA?
Used in the synthesis of proteins
What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are monomers of nucleic acid chains
What are the two nucleotides of nucleic acid’s?
RNA and DNA
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as a catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction without being used up at the end
What are the factors that affect the rate of reaction of enzymes?
Temperature, PH and inhibitors
How does temperature affect the rate of an enzyme reaction?
The temperatures to low bonds holding shape is not flexible, when Temperature is too high bonds holding the molecule are broken
What are the four functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
What is ingestion?
Food taken in the mouth and mechanically broken down using the teeth
What is digestion?
Food broken down mechanically (chewing) and chemically (enzymatic)
What is absorption?
Nutrients absorbed from small and large intestines into the blood and lymph
What is elimination?
Removal of indigestible/unabsorbed materials from body, also known as defecation
What are the two components of the digestive system?
The digestive tract and the accessory organs
The digestive track consists of…
Organs that contain food and include, mouth, esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine.
The accessory organs consist of…
Structures that help indigestion by secretion of chemicals and include, salivary gland’s, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver.
What is physical digestion?
Food broken down by chewing
What is chemical digestion?
Food undergoes chemical breakdown to a form where it is easily absorbed into the bloodstream and delivered to all body cells
What structures are involved in the mouth?
Teeth, tongue, and salivary gland‘s
What is the pharynx?
The cavity between the mouth and the esophagus
What is the epiglottis?
Small flap of tissue that closes over the trachea to prevent food from entering the lungs
What is peristalsis?
Series of contractions and relaxations that propel food through the esophagus
The inner walls of the stomach are lined with epithelial cells, what do the form?
Clusters of these cells form gastric glands that secrete gastric juice
What is in gastric juice?
Contains water, mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin
What is chyme?
Is a mixture of food and gastric juice. Is a Thick yellow liquid empties the stomach to the small intestines in small amounts
Describe the functions of the small intestine.
Receives chyme from the stomach, mixes chyme With secretions from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
The small intestines are subdivided into three regions what are they?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
What does the pancreatic juice do?
Breaks down carbohydrates, attacks lipids, split proteins and peptides
What is the main function of the large intestine?
To concentrate and eliminate waste by absorbing extra water and salts
What is the large intestine and made up of?
Caecum, colon, and rectum
What does the colon do in the large intestines?
Re-absorbs water that has entered alimentary canal
Where is faeces stored?
In the rectum until eliminated
What are the functions of salivary gland’s?
Moyston food, produce saliva
What is the function of the liver?
Stores glucose in the form of glycogen, detoxifies blood, secretes bile
Bile is produced by the liver but stored in the…
Gallbladder
The pancreas has a secretory called exocrine, what are the functions of exocrine?
To secrete digestive enzymes in sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid
Which biological molecules store information?
Nucleic acid
This element is a component of almost all biological molecules, what is it?
Carbon
What is the correct order of the digestive system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
What does salivary amylase digest?
Starches
Food in the stomach is called…
Chyme
Pepsin and tryspin Break down what nutrient?
Proteins
Food before it reaches the stomach is called…
Bolus
