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Biology 20 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define species

A

Population of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

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2
Q

Define population

A

Any group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographical area at the same time.

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3
Q

Define community

A

All of the organisms in all the interacting populations in a given area.

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4
Q

Define ecosystem

A

A community of populations, together with the abiotic factors that surround and affect it.

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5
Q

Define biosphere

A

All areas on earth (in the air, land, and water) that are in habited by and support life.

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6
Q

Biomes are________________________.

Biomes can be ____________ or ______________.

A

A very large community, named based on types of organisms that are present.

Aquatic or terrestrial

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7
Q

List examples of aquatic biomes

A

Lakes, streams, rivers, wetlands, coral reefs, open ocean, deep oceans, estrauries.

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8
Q

List examples of terrestrial biomes

A

Tropical forest, deserts, Savannah, temperate grasslands, coniferous forest, temperate forests, tundra, Chaparral.

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9
Q

Explain how the earths curvature and tilted access influence climate

A

Earths curvature and tilted axis determine which angle the sunlight strikes earths surface and determines season and climate.

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10
Q

What are the three distinct zones of life found in lakes?

A

Littoral, Benthic, Limnetic

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11
Q

State where the Littoral zone is located and give examples of organisms found there.

A

Shallow warm water, lots of sunlight. Organisms that are found here include, rooted plants, Insects, and small fish.

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12
Q

State where the Benthic zone is located and organisms that can be found in it.

A

Mud and sand, little or no light. Organisms that are found here include, decomposers, filter feeders, and worms.

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13
Q

State where the Limnetic zone is located and what organism are found there.

A

Open water, lots of light. Organisms that are found here include, algae, small and large fish.

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14
Q

What are the three different types of wetlands?

A

Basin wetland, riverine wetland, and fringe wetland.

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15
Q

Define habitat

A

A place or area with a particular set of biotic and abiotic features for which a species is adapted.

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16
Q

Define range

A

The geographical area where species or population is found.

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17
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

The role an organism plays in a community and ecosystem. This includes the total biotic and abiotic required for the organism to survive.

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18
Q

How do ecologists sample populations?

A

Using transects or quadrants

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19
Q

Define transects

A

A long rectangle of random direction

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20
Q

Define quadrants

A

Randomly selected locations in an area, best for stationary organisms

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21
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Branch of biology that groups of organisms based on different characteristics

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22
Q

What are the characteristics used in taxonomy?

A

Structure, behavior, development, genetic make up, nutritional needs, and methods of obtaining food.

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23
Q

What did Aristotle’s Research create?

A

Aristotle is Responsible for the creation of kingdoms. Specifically to kingdoms, plantar, and animalia.

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24
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus Research create?

A

Developed a hierarchy,

Discovered 6 kingdoms

subdivided each kingdom into smaller groups.

These smaller groups consist of class, order, family, genus, kingdom, species, and phyla.

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25
Q

What is Carolus Linnaeus also referred as?

A

Father of taxonomy

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26
Q

What did Carl Woese’s research create?

A

The six kingdom system now included a level of classification above kingdoms,Called domain.

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27
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eurkarya

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28
Q

What is Dichotomous keys?

A

Is a branch or stepped process that can be used to identify organisms.

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29
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Any evolved trait that help an organism be more suited for its environment.

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30
Q

What is structural adaptation?

A

Physical change in anatomy

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31
Q

What is behavioural adaptation?

A

Change in the way an organism acts in response to an environmental stimulus.

32
Q

What is physiological adaptation?

A

Changes to internal body systems of an organism.

33
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

A visible or invisible difference which help individuals in a population to survive.

34
Q

What are the two different categories of genetic variation?

A

Sexual reproduction and mutation

35
Q

What is the genetic variation known as sexual reproduction include?

A

Involves the recombination of genes, half of the genetic material comes from the female and other half from the mail.

36
Q

What is the genetic variation known as mutation include?

A

Change is genetic material of an organism, results in different genes, maybe advantages or disadvantages or neither.

37
Q

What happens if Mutation occurs in the somatic cells?

A

The mutation disappears when organisms die

38
Q

What happens if mutation occurs in the gamete cells?

A

The mutation may be passed on to the next generation.

39
Q

What are the two models of pace of evolution?

A

Gradualism, punctuated equilibrium

40
Q

What does the pace of evolution model gradualism include?

A

Gradual changes occur steadily in a linear fashion. Big changes occur as a result of many small changes.

41
Q

What does the pace of evolution model punctuated equilibrium include?

A

Evolutionary history consists of long periods of equilibrium where there is little change interrupted by period of speciation.

42
Q

What are the two pathways of speciation?

A

Transformation and divergence

43
Q

What does the speciation pathway transformation include?

A

New species gradually develop over many generations, Older species are replaced.

44
Q

What does the speciation pathway divergence include?

A

One or more species arise from a parent species that continue to exist, increase in biological diversity.

45
Q

Transformation and divergence are the result of ____________.

A

Natural selection

46
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Process that changes characteristics of a population or organisms because certain inherited traits survive and reproduce more than those lacking the trait.

47
Q

What is natural selection in simpler terms?

A

Nature select switch organisms live or die.

48
Q

Changes occur in populations and not _____________.

A

Individuals

49
Q

What is bio diversity?

A

Is the total number of species in an ecosystem

49
Q

What four factors on earth distributed unevenly results in diversity of life?

A

Nutrients, energy, liquid water, and temperatures

49
Q

Earths curvature and tilted axis do what?

A

Determine the angle at which sunlight strikes earths surface and determines season and climate.

49
Q

What happens when the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun?

A

Sunlight is direct and hemisphere has summer

49
Q

When southern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun what happens?

A

Receives slanted sunlight and has winter

49
Q

What are the abiotic limiting factors that control the number of individuals in a population?

A

Soil type, moisture, temperature range, humidity levels, and availability of water.

50
Q

What are the biotic limiting factors

That control the number of individuals in a population?

A

Competition, predator and parasites.

51
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Members of the same population compete with each other for a limited resource e.g. water, food

52
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between members of two or more populations.

53
Q

What is population density?

A

The number of individuals per unit area or volume

54
Q

How is the population density determined?

A

Determined by calculating the average number of individuals per quadrat and dividing by the size of the quadrat

55
Q

What’s are (3) properties of a Eukaryote when naming organisms?

A

Have membrane bound organelles,
DNA double stranded informs chromosomes,
can be unicellular or more multicellular

56
Q

what’s are (3) properties of Prokaryotes when naming organisms?

A

No nucleus,
No membrane bound organelles,
Unicellular

57
Q

What is a taxon

A

A taxon Is a group of organisms in the classification system

58
Q

What does the domain bacteria include?

A

Kingdom Eubacteria
Unicellular prokaryotic organisms
Reproduce asexually
Found in all habitats except harsh ones

59
Q

What does the domain archaea include?

A

Kingdom archaebacteria
Unicellular prokaryotic organisms
Reproduce asexually
Live in harsh environments

60
Q

what does the domain eukarya include?

A

Unicellular or multicellular organisms
Reproduce sexually
Include all organisms with eukaryotic cells

61
Q

What are the levels of classification in order?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

62
Q

What is a binomial nomenclature system?

A

It’s a two name system of naming organisms

63
Q

How do you name a organism using the binomial nomenclature system?

A

First word is the genius first letter is capitalized, second word is the species always in lowercase.

64
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

Any Evolved treat that help an organism be more suited for it’s environment.

65
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

A visible or invisible difference which help individuals in a population to survive.

66
Q

What is genetic mutation?

A

Change is genetic material, may occur from errors in copying DNA or mutagens

67
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Process that changes characteristics of a population of organisms because certain inherited trait survive and reproduce more than those like in the trait.

68
Q

What is evolution?

A

The change over time in characteristics of a population.

69
Q

Speciation is the formation of new species third to pathways what is the transformation pathway?

A

New species gradually develops over many generations, older species are replaced.

70
Q

Speciation is the formation of new species, There are two pathways what is the divergence pathway?

A

One or more species arise from a parent species that continue to exist.

Biology 20 (8 decks)

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