Circulatory System, Lymphatic System Flashcards
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Transport, regulate, and protect
Describe the transport function.
Transport materials throughout the body, gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste materials.
Describe the regulates function.
Regulates internal body temperature by balancing heat production with heat loss. Also known as homeostasis regulation.
What is vasodilation?
The process where heat is removed. Vessels dilate and increase blood flow hence more heat is lost through the skin as sweat.
Describe the protects function.
Protects against blood loss, disease causing microbes and toxic substances
What are the three main components of the circulatory system?
Blood, blood vessels, and the heart
What is the function of blood?
Carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, wastes and other material
What is the function of blood vessels?
Function as roadways through which blood moves
What is the function of the heart?
Organ that pushes blood throughout the body, ensure blood flows in one direction, and separates oxygen rich blood from oxygen poor blood.
Blood consists of two portions what are they?
A liquid portion called plasma, and a solid portion Which is a cell based portion.
Describe the liquid portion (plasma) of blood.
Makes up 55% of blood volume, consists of water, dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products.
Describe the solid portion (cell based portion)of blood.
Makes up 45% of blood volume, consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The production of red blood cells is produced where? by the process of what?
Is produced in the bone marrow through a process called erythropoiesis
Red blood cells carry what from lungs to the tissues?
They carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues
How long do red blood cells live for?
Approximately 120 days
What is hemoglobin?
Haemoglobin is an iron containing molecule
What percentage of blood volume do White blood cells make up?
1% of blood volume
What is the purpose of white blood cells?
Respond to infections
What are the three groups of white blood cells?
Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries
Describe capillaries.
The smallest blood vessels, walls made up of single layer cells, located to the body and fine networks.
Describe the function of arteries.
Transport oxygen rich blood away from the heart, elastic walls, keeps blood flowing in the right direction.
Describe the function of veins.
Transport oxygen poor blood to the heart, has thinner walls than arteries and larger inner circumference, no elastic walls, contracts and keeps blood flowing towards the heart, has one-way valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
Where do capillaries lie?
Between arteries and vein’s
The right side of the heart deals with what type of oxygen blood?
Deals with oxygen poor blood
The left side of the heart deals with what type of oxygen blood?
Deals with oxygenated blood, oxygen rich blood
The walls of the heart are made up of what type of muscle?
Cardiac muscle
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Has two upper chambers called atria, and to lower chambers called ventricles.
What is the function of the two upper chambers in the heart called atria’s?
Return blood from the body from body or lungs
What is the function of the two lower chambers in the heart called ventricles?
Receive blood from atria and pump it to the body or to the lungs.
What separates the atria and ventricles in the heart?
Separated by a thick muscular wall called the septum
The cardiac muscle cells found in the heart are linked to each other by what?
Intercalated disc
On the right side of the heart the superior vena cava does what?
Collects oxygen poor blood from tissues in the head, chest and arms
On the right side of the heart the inferior vena cava does what?
Collects oxygen poor blood from tissues elsewhere in the body excluding the head, chest and arms.
The right atrium on the right side of the heart receives oxygen depleted blood from the…
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
After the right atrium on the right side of the heart fills up at contracts and forces blood into the right…
Into the right ventricle
The right ventricle on the right side of the heart contracts and since the oxygen poor blood to the lungs through the…
Pulmonary arteries
On the left side of the heart the pulmonary veins do what?
Collect oxygen rich blood from the lungs and open into the left atrium of the heart
The left atrium on the left side of the heart receives blood and squeezes it into the…
Left ventricle
The left ventricle on the left side of the heart contracts and sins oxygenated blood through the _________ to what parts of the body?
Since blood through the aorta to all parts of the body
What is the biggest blood vessel in the body?
The aorta
The heart consists of four valves to ensure blood flows in the correct direction what are they called?
Two atrioventricular valves, and two semilunar valve‘s
What are the two names of the two atrioventricular valves?
Bicuspid and tricuspid
What is the purpose of the tricuspid valve?
Separates right atrium and ventricle
What is the purpose of the bicuspid valve?
Separates left atrium and ventricle
What is the function of the two semilunar valve’s?
Prevent backflow of blood into ventricles when heart relaxes
What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?
Atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole
Describe the atrial systole stage of the cardiac cycle.
To atria contract simultaneously an empty it’s content into ventricles
Describe the ventricular systole stage of the cardiac cycle.
To ventricles contract simultaneously forcing blood into the arteries and out of the heart
Describe the diastole stage of the cardiac cycle.
Both atria and ventricles relax before the cardiac cycle repeats
What is the function of the sinistral node (SA)?
Generate an electric signal that spreads over atria, causing them to contract simultaneously
What is the function of the atrioventricular node(AV)?
Transmit single through bundle of fibres called the bundle of His, bundle of His relays signal through Purkinje fibres Which initiate contraction of left and right ventricles
Where is the sinoatrial node located?
Located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart
Where is the atrioventricular node located?
Located in the floor of the right atrium in the heart
How do you measure blood pressure?
Measured in millimetres using a sphygmomanometer
How was blood pressure presented?
As systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in the form of a fraction
Define stroke volume.
Amount of blood forced out of heart with each heartbeat
The lower the resting heart rate the higher the…
Stroke volume
A higher stroke volume is an indicator of what?
Good fitness
What are the three different pathways of the circulatory system?
Pulmonary pathway, systemic pathway, and coronary pathway
Describes a pulmonary pathway.
Transport oxygen poor blood to the lungs, carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged Between blood income pillories and air in the alveoli
Describe the systemic pathway.
Oxygen rich blood moves from left ventricle to body tissues, oxygen and nutrients move into cells and waste products without a cells into the blood.
Describes a coronary pathway.
Blood is transported to the muscle tissue of the heart
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Transport fats from small intestine to bloodstream, filters aged blood cells and other debris’s from the blood, defends body, returns access extracellular fluid to bloodstream.
What is the lymph in the lymphatic circulatory system?
Colorless/pale yellow fluid made up of interstitial fluid, Similar composition as plasma
What is the lymphatic vessels of the lymphatic circulatory system?
Found mainly an abdomen and thoracic region, collect lymph, Closely associated with pillories of the cardiac vascular system
What are the lymphatic capillaries of the lymphatic circulatory system?
Carrie digested fat throughout the body
What are the lymph nodes Of the Lymphatic a Circulatory system?
Site of maturation of lymphocytes also contains macrophages
Lymphocytes is the main sell in the line of defence divided into two groups what are they called?
B lymphocytes (b cells), and T lymphocytes (t cells)
Describe B lymphocytes.
Mature and bone marrow and activated by specific antigens to create memory of foreign bodies by producing antibodies
Describe T lymphocytes.
Mature in the thymus gland and provides cellular immunity
What are antibodies?
Molecules found on the surface of selves and pathogens enables the body’s immune system to identify pathogens
What are B cells specific defense?
Different B cells produce different antibodies to increase variation, activation of PCL causes enlargement and division into memory B cells and plasma cells
What is the T cells specific defense?
Fight off invading pathogens, four types of cells
What are the four types of T cells?
Helper T cells, killer T cells, suppressor T cells, and memory T cells
What is the function of helper T cells?
Recognizes antigens and gave out signal
What is the function of killer T cells?
Puncture infected cells
What is the function of suppressor T cells?
Inhibit cellular immunity so normal to she doesn’t get destroyed
What is the function of memory T cells?
Remain in the bloodstream to detect another infection
Humans blood is classified into four groups, based on the antigens on the surface of red blood cells what are they?
A, B, AB, or O
Antigen patterns are called…
Blood types
Blood type AB is also known as a?
Universal recipient, Individuals can receive any type of blood
Blood type O is known as a?
Universal donor, individuals can donate blood to anyone
What is the Rh factor?
As a group of antigen found on surface of red blood cell
The cardiac muscle has what characteristics?
Striated, involuntary, and single nucleus
Blood vessels are tubes the transport…
Oxygen, carbon, digested food and waste substances
Blood component that is the liquid portion?
Plasma
What vessel brings blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary artery
Blood vessels can alter blood flow by…
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction
What is a SA node often called?
Pacemaker
What are lymphocytes like B and T cells also known as?
White blood cells
T lymphocytes a rise in _______the in mature in the __________
Bone marrow, thymus
What produces antibodies?
B cells
True or false Type O blood has no antigens.
True
What are antibodies?
Proteins
