Module 20 Flashcards
Define: Vaccine and herd immunity (what is the average threshold for this?)
Nontoxic antigens injected or ingested to induce artificial specific defenses
Threshold where a large majority of the population is vaccinated and starts to protect those around them
–Typically above 80%-very high numbers
First vaccine against? Was developed by?
Small Pox-Edward Jenner
Describe an inactivated/killed whole-microbe vaccine.
Inactivates the organism with formaldehyde or hear
Body does not have as large a response to dead/inactivated microbes
–Pertussis, Polio, Influenza
Describe a live attenuated vaccine.
Mutated stains used that are less virulent and no longer cause disease
Long immunity and may not need boosters
–Oral Polio vaccine, MMR
Describe a subunit vaccine.
Single antigen or mixture of antigens
Must be administered more than once and is used when whole-agent vaccines are dangerous or cause the wrong response
Also recombinant which has other microbs that are engineered to produce the desired antigen
–Hep B and HPV
Describe toxoids.
Inactivated toxins (exo) with few side effect
-Diphtheria and Tetanus
Describe polysaccharide vaccines.
Not as immunogenic as proteins
Conjugate vaccine-bind the polysaccharide to a protein (toxoid)
–pneumonia causing bacteria
Describe nucleic acid vaccines
Injected nucleic acid into cells
Your cell makes the protein that causes the immune response
–Influenza and HIV-DNA/experimental only
–COVID19-mRNA
Be able to discuss some of the information over controversies/reasons people oppose vaccines. We discussed these statements in class.
We don’t have any of _____ (disease) in the US.
Vaccines don’t work.
My flu shot didn’t work
The evil pharmaceutical companies
Just live healthy
Dangerous molecule/something related to dangerous in vaccines
Not safe/have allergic reaction to vaccine
Mercury-based (thimerosal) linked to autism in MMR
Discuss some issues with the Wakefield study. What has been some of the consequences of this study?
Was a study about colitis and only talked about autism in the end and said nothing was proven
Wakefield was paid by solicitors that represented the parents who believed MMR harmed their children
Lost license
–Before-vaccination=92%; after=below 80%
–1998=56 cases in UK; after=1348 and 2 deaths
–US saw spike in 2014 with 600 cases
