Disease 3 Flashcards
What are three “recent” deadly versions of coronavirus (the disease) and their cause (microbe)? What were animal reservoirs for each version?~COVID-19
1.SARS
-2002-2004
-Bats to masked palm civets to humans
-SARS-CoV
- MERS
-2012-outbreaks ongoing
-Bat to camel to human
-MERS-CoV - COVID-19
-2019
-SARS-CoV-2
-Bats (horseshoe) to ??pangolins?? to humans
What characteristics makes bats a special reservoir for viruses?
Similar physiology
Internal nose shape of horseshoe infects the same cells
High core body temp with flight
Special immune systems
Interferon always on
Evolved with flight-inflammation
What are the main vaccines for COVID-19 (style of vaccine)?
Make artificial immunity to spike protein
mRNA version-Pfizer, Moderna
viral vector version- J & J
What are some incorrect statements about the vaccines? Why are they incorrect?
COVID-19
Nothing new just causes a cold
-Causes a cold in animals
-Since it’s coming from a different species, more severe
-Most colds are rhinovirus
Folks with underlying conditions only ones to die
-Yes, but that true for most infectious disease
Vaccine was rushed
-No, had multiple trials going at once
-More funding
-mRNA technology already occurred- 1993
-people lining up to be participants in trials
vaccine causes covid19
-no way because the vaccine does not contain the virus
dangerous things in vaccine
vaccine does not work 100%
-no vaccine can work 100% of the time
How many folks in the United States have died from COVID-19 (since 2020)?
1,178,404 people
What are the main symptoms of the disease? cholera
Acute, diarrheal illness
Rice water stool
12-20 liters of water a day
Dehydration
No fever
vomiting
Who is an epidemiologist associated with the disease? cholera
John snow- mid 1800s
London outbreaks
What type of organism causes the disease? What is its scientific name? cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Found in brackish water but can handle fresh
Produce enterotoxin
Makes epithelial cells highly permeable to water
Serotype O1 or O139
What is the infectious dose for the organism and why is it so high? cholera
10^6 in water
10^4 in food
They come in high numbers so some will get through even when not very resistant to stomach acid
How is the organism transmitted? cholera
Fecal oral
water
raw foods
undercooked foods
washing foods in contaminated water
found in copepods and algae
What are some treatment and prevention measures? cholera
- IV fluids
- ORT
-Oral rehydration therapy
-Sugar-salt solution - Vaccination
-Oral
-Short duration - Clean up refuse
- Contained animals
- Instituted water treatments
What specific type of organism causes the problem? e coli
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Gram negative
Rod shaped
Facultative anaerobe
Has flagella
What is the main virulence factor the organism produces and what does it do? e coli
Stain produces a “shiga-like” toxin
Toxin starts by destroying cells which line the large intestine
Escapes into the blood stream and kills erythrocytes
Damages endothelial cells lining the blood vessels
Only need about 100 organisms to cause disease-can resist acid conditions of stomach
What are some symptoms? Describe the condition of HUS?
e coli
Abdominal cramps and diarrhea
Progress to bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis)
Maybe fever and vomiting
Illness resolves in 5 to 10 days
Severe- haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)
5-10% of all infections develop into this
Children under 5 years of age and the elderly
Red blood cells are destroyed and the kidneys fail
List and describe the diagnosis methods for the organism
e. coli
Isolation of E. coli in stool sample grown with sorbitol macconkey agar
Selective-inhibit the growth of the gram positive microbial flora
and
differential- cannot utilize sorbitol on plate, therefore, not red
