History

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

Used improved microscope and observed “cells” in cork tissue
Cell Theory

Question 2

van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 2

Viewed “animalcules” in rainwater and materials he scraped from his teeth

Question 3

What is spontaneous generation

Answer 3

Belief that life arises from dead tissue or non living matter

Question 3

Francesco Redi (describe his experiments)

Answer 3

Tried to refute animalcules by taking 6 jars and filling them with decaying meat. Three of them were covered and the other three uncovered. There were maggots on the open jars and non on the closed. The problem people had with his experiment is that they said the animalcules needed air to generate

Question 4

Spallanzani (describe his experiments)

Answer 4

Boiled nutrients solutions in flasks to kill animalcules. He placed the nutrient broth in a flask, sealed it, and then heated it. Again people said there needed to be air.

Question 5

Louis Pasteur (describe his experiments)

Answer 5

Repeated Spallanzani’s experiment of boiling nutrient broth but did it instead in a swan neck flask so that air could enter in

Question 6

What else did Pasteur’s experiment contribute to the study of microbiology?

Answer 6

Showed that microbes are present on non-living matter, microbes can be destroyed by heat, airborne contamination can be obstructed and air itself doesn’t create microbes, these discoveries are the basis for aseptic technique

Question 7

Fracastoro

Answer 7

Germ Theory first proposed; Microorganisms are the causative agent for disease; people didn’t believe for centuries, believed that disease was due to demons or for punishment

Question 8

Semmelweis

Answer 8

Hand washing prevented childbirth (childbed) fever; start of applying germ theory to medicine even though they didn’t realize it at the time; ran obstetrical clinics

Question 9

Lister

Answer 9

Phenol on wounds to reduce infection; bacteria cause surgical wound infections; Listerine

Question 10

Koch

Answer 10

First to show that bacteria actually caused diseases; created postulates
1. Same pathogen present in every case of disease
2. Pathogen isolated from disease host and growth in pure culture
3. Pathogen from pure culture must cause disease when inoculated into a healthy animal
4. Pathogen isolated from inoculated animal is shown to be the original organism

Question 11

Chinese Healers (did?)

Answer 11

Powder form of smallpox was blown through a tube into the nose of others with a mild form; called variolation.

Question 12

Jenner

Answer 12

Developed smallpox vaccine; infected people with cowpox, a much milder form, and they never developed smallpox or cowpox after

Question 13

Ehrlich

Answer 13

Discovered salvarsan, an arsenic derivative for treatment of syphilis

Question 14

Flemming

Answer 14

Discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic