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Microbiology > 2 Disease Topics > Flashcards

2 Disease Topics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the organisms which cause GAS

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram-positive, nonmotile chains of spherical cells or diplococcus

Typically, capsulated

Facultative anaerobic

Positive for beta-hemolysis

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2
Q

List and describe the mild illnesses associated with GAS.

A

No illness- 5 to 15% have bacteria.

Mild illness- strep throat, impetigo

Severe illness- scarlet fever. Necrotizing fasciitis (invasive GAS), streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (invasive GAS)

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3
Q

List and describe the severe illnesses associated with GAS.

A

Mild

Strep throat:

-Sore scratchy throat
-Postulates
-Swollen lymph glands
-Severe complications: heart valve damage

Impetigo signs

-One of the most common skin infections
-common in children
-bacterium enters in cuts and bites
-normally around the mouth

Severe

Scarlet fever:

-After or with strep
-Rash- strain makes erythrogenic toxin
-Throat and tongue covered by postulates strawberry tongue
-Complication: rheumatic fever

Necrotizing Fasciitis

-Flesh-eating disease
-Destroys muscle, fat, and skin tissue
-40% of patients die
-Makes exotoxin A

Streptococcal toxin shock syndrome

STSS

-Cascade of steps leads to rapid drop of blood pressure and organ failure (liver, kidneys)
-50% of patients die

Treatment:
-Penicillin and clindamycin
-Amputations for necrotizing fasciitis

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4
Q

Why a STI?

A

Sexually transmitted infection

Long periods with no signs and symptoms

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5
Q

Describe the derivation of the slang term for gonorrhea

A

French word clapper meaning brothel

Keeper of a brothel named mother clap (Margaret Clap)

Painful sting in male urethra feels like a clap

A clap was a traditional treatment to clear the blockage

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6
Q

Describe the organism which causes gonorrhea.

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Gram-negative bacterium

Lots of fimbriae and opacity proteins (Opa Proteins)

diplococci

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7
Q

What are some symptoms in men and women which have gonorrhea?

A

Men:

Some can be asymptomatic for several months
Burning sensation when urinating
White, yellow, green discharge from the penis
If untreated, it can cause epididymitis, a painful condition of the testicles- lead to infertility

Women

Often mild; most women have no symptoms
Painful or burning sensation when urinating
Increased vaginal discharge or bleeding between cycles
If untreated- pelvic inflammatory disease
Not always signs/symptoms
Abdominal pain/fever
Internal abscesses
Damaged fallopian tubes- infertility

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8
Q

What is a major problem for women which have gonorrhea?

A

Gonococcal conjunctivitis.

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9
Q

What is a problem associated with gonorrhea and newborns

A

Pregnant women infect their babies as it passes through the birth canal during delivery

Causes blindness, joint infections blood infections.

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10
Q

What is the prevention for gonorrhea?

A

Abstain from sexual intercourse,

long-term monogamous relationship

Latex condoms with the correct use

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11
Q

Describe the three “schools” of thought for the origin of syphilis?

A

Pre Columbus

Present in Hippocrates writing

Some bible passages

Columbian theory

New world disease brought back by Columbus

First well-recorded outbreak of what we know as syphilis in Naples in 1494

Bot sides wrong-combination

Similar disease-yaws existed in Europe

Form of yaws that had evolved in the new world and was brought back to the old

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12
Q

Describe and list the causative agent of syphilis

A

Bacterium- treponema pallidum

Spiral shaped bacterium called spirochete

Axial filament- internal flagella- moves the whole organism “twist”

Does not survive well outside of host

Gram negative

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13
Q

Describe the four stages of the disease.

A

Primary stage

Marked by the appearance of a single sore called a chancre (can be multiple)

Chancre lasts 3-6 weeks, and it heals without treatment

No treatment then progresses

Secondary stage

Skin and mucous membrane rash with lesions

Rough red or reddish-brown spots mainly visible on palms and soles

Swollen lymph glands

Sore throat

Person most contagious in the secondary stage

Latent (hidden stage)

Secondary symptoms and signs disappear

Infection remains in the body- only mother-to-fetus transmission

Most cases end here (25% progress after years)

Tertiary stage

Tumor-like growth on skin-rubbing lesions

Neurological problems

Cardiovascular problems

Blindness

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14
Q

How is the disease important in medical ethics?

A

Tuskegee syphilis experiment

1932 and 1972- US public health service conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis

Never told what disease they were suffering from

Doctors had no intention of curing them

28 men died and others passed the disease on

Start of IRB

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15
Q

Describe some features of the causative agent for TB.

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Acid-fast bacterium (mycolic acid in the cell wall)

Rod-shaped

Obligate aerobe

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16
Q

List and describe the two forms of TB.

A

latent and active

17
Q

latent tuberculosis infection

A

People are carriers (no symptoms of active)

Can’t spread bacteria

Can develop active form

Can be in this form for a lifetime

18
Q

active tuberculosis infection

A

Only 10% of infected people develop the infection (weakened immune system)

Bad cough (with or without blood/sputum

Chest pain

Spread bacteria

Without treatment, very few survive

19
Q

how is TB diagnosed

A

Mantoux PPD skin test

Inject tuberculin under skin of the forearm

        Reacts with sensitive tcells

After 48-72 hours, measure welt

        15 mm or more positive

Confirm with chest x-ray

20
Q

concepts of TB history

A

1 killer of people during this time (20-30% of people)

Ancient disease- common in Greek (Hippocrates) and Egyptian writings

Epidemic in Europe and North America from the 18th and into the 20th century

Known as the white plague or consumption

Better ventilation in homes and at work sites and pasteurization of milk helped slow disease

21
Q

List some Emerging Infectious Disease information (numbers) associated with TB

A

Ranks 4th in death due to infectious diseases worldwide (now)

Estimated that 1.5 million die each year (worldwide)

1/3 of people with latent infections (worldwide)

22
Q

What is the main problem associated with the disease? Describe what happens. botulism

A

Flaccid paralysis

The botulism toxin interferes with nerve to muscle impulses

23
Q

List and describe the three types of botulism.

A

Food borne

Eating foods contaminated with botulism toxin

Cause container lids to bulge and contents have an off odor

Very dangerous-many people can get sick

Infant botulism

Endospores of toxin growing in the intestinal tract of infants-releasing the toxin

Infants don’t have established normal flora

Dont feed infants under 1 honey

Wound botulism

Wounds infected endospores

Majority of cases in US linked with those who mainline or skin pop Mexican tar heroin

24
Q

food borne botulism symptoms

A

Weaknesses of muscles, blurry vision, double vision, droopy eyelids, slurred speech, dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, nausea and vomiting

25
Q

infant botulism

A

Weak poor muscle control, eat less, often become constipated, weak cry, nausea and vomiting

26
Q

Describe the organism which causes botulism.

A

Clostridium botulinum

Rod shaped

Motile

Survive best in conditions where little oxygen is present

Gram positive

Noncontagious

Endospore former

27
Q

What are some types of treatment for botulism?

A

Antitoxin

Vomiting or enemas

Wounds surgically cleaned

Breathing through ventilator

28
Q

How can Botulism be prevented?

A

Boil home canned food for 10 minutes

        Can denature protein toxin

Use proper canning techniques.

Do not inject street drugs

29
Q

List and describe the three forms of anthrax

A

Cutaneous

-Most common 95% of cases
-Endospores enter cut or abrasion on the skin-germinated in macrophages.
-Starts as raised itchy bump
-Vesicle and then a painless ulcer
-Black necrotic (dying) area in the center
-20% of untreated cases=death
-Deaths are rare with appropriate antimicrobial therapy

Inhalation (better chance of bacteria reaching the bloodstream and proliferating)
-Person inhales microspores
-Like common cold
-Progresses to severe breathing problems and septic shock
-Usually fatal-close to 100%

Intestinal (rare)
-Consumption of contaminated/undercooked meat
-Nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, fever are followed by abdominal pain, vomiting blood, and severe diarrhea
-Mortality- 50-60% of cases

30
Q

What causes the disease (give some organism characteristics)?

A

Bacillus anthrax

Gram positive

Endospore forming

Soil bacteria

Obligate aerobe

Makes exotoxins

31
Q

List vaccination and bioterrorism information.

A

Can be treated with antibiotics

Human vaccine available but only given to high risk individuals

Use a livestock vaccine in areas where there is a constant outbreaks called endemic

22 people infected in the US (2001)

Five died

Anthrax endospores were distributed via letter sent by US mail to media organizations and political offices

Need a better vaccine to prevent

Microbiology (21 decks)

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