Module 2: Principles of medication action and administration Flashcards
Define Pharmacokinetics
● How a drug moves through the body/The process of drug movement to achieve drug action (how it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted)
(Repeat four processes: A. D. M. E)
Define Pharmacodynamics
● How a drug affects the body (how it works)
Define Pharmacotherapeutics
● The use of a drug to prevent and treat disease
Absorption refers to
The movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream
Where may absorption of occur?
Blood stream (sometimes Across the skin and associated mucous membranes or across membranes that line the G.I. Or respiratory tract)
What is the fastest route of absorption?
Inhalation
What are the slower routes of absorption?
Oral, IM, SC
What is faster for absorption, IM or SC?
IM - Richer blood supply
What are some medication and patient related factors that affect absorption of medication?
Medication-related = Route, drug formulation, other drugs Patient-related = Area of absorptive surface, blood flow, pain, stress, disease, diet
What are the seven rights of medication administration?
RIGHT client RIGHT drug RIGHT dose RIGHT time RIGHT route RIGHT reason RIGHT documentation
What are the four sequential processes of the pharmacokinetic phase in order?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What is distribution?
How the drug is delivered to the tissue via the bloodstream
Drugs carried to most vascular organs, what are the three organs?
Liver, kidney, brain
What are three factors affecting distribution?
Blood flow, solubility, protein binding
How does blood flow affect distribution?
Organs rich in blood supply (liver, heart, kidney)receive medication more rapidly than organs with less blood supply (muscle, skin, fat)
How does solubility affect distribution?
Chemical properties determine the area the drug will be attracted to (water or fat soluble), fat soluble drugs are more easily absorbed then water soluble
how does protein binding affect distribution?
Only drugs that are not attracted to anything (protein) can cause a pharmacological response
A drug not down to a protein is active or inactive drug?
Active
What step of pharmacokinetics does protein binding affect and why?
Distribution – portion of the drug down to a protein is an able to elicit a therapeutic response
Metabolism refers to?
The chemical alteration of a drug by the body
What is the process of metabolism?
In which the drug is changed to a water-soluble form so it can be excreted
When a drug is metabolized, it can become one of three…
In active metabolite, active metabolite, prodrug
What is a pro drug?
A drug that doesn’t become active until it is metabolized
What does a Inactive metabolite mean?
No longer able to work in the body
What does an active metabolite mean?
Metabolized but still able to work in the body
If a patient has severe liver damage, how would that affect drug dosing?
They will need lower doses
What are four factors that affect metabolism?
Liver failure, genetics, environment and other drugs, age
What is excretion in pharmacokinetics?
The process in which drugs are eliminated from the body
Where are most drugs excreted by? And where do they leave the body?
Most drugs are Excreted by the kidneys and leave the body through urine
A small amount of drug may be excreted through where?
Saliva, GI, skin, sweat and breastmilk
What are factors affecting expiration?
Kidney failure
What is half life? Why is it important?
The time it takes for half of a drug to achieve 50% of the original plasma concentration
- Dosage frequency is based on a drugs half life
(The greater the half life, the longer it takes for the drug to leave the body)
What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
And adverse drug affects the produce is unusual and unexpected symptoms that are not related to the pharmacological action of the drug. Often caused by genetic differences among clients. Rare and unpredictable
What is an anaphylactic reaction?
Severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening
What is an additive effect?
Similar drugs given together to create double the therapeutic effect
What is a synergistic effect?
Different drugs given together to increase action of one of the drugs
What is an antagonistic affect?
Went to drugs compete for absorption or protein binding sites resulting in a less than desired therapeutic effect for one or both drugs
What is an agonist affect?
Drugs that could use the same response as the endogenous substance
What is an allergic reaction?
Immune system recognizes the drug as a threat
What is a narcotic sheet?
Monitors movement of narcotics, inventory of narcotics, start of shift, a shift count of narcotics
What is anaphylaxis?
A serious, life-threatening allergic reaction
To attain the fastest pain relief, the nurse administers the medication so that it is most rapidly absorbed from the G.I. tract. What form of oral medication has the fastest absorption?
Liquid
Generally food does what to drug dissolution and absorption?
Decreases medication absorption
The nurse is administering a drug that is highly protein-bound, but the clients serum albumin is low. The nurse will expect the physician to?
Decrease the dose
What is an enteric-coated drug used for?
Prevents a medication dissolving in the stomach
Drug interactions can have three basic affects on the action of a drug. What are they?
Can be inhibited, resulting in less therapeutic action.
May be enhanced, causing a greater therapeutic response
May produce a totally new and different response
Enteral route of drug administration refers to
By way of digestive tract
- Oral, sublingual, Buccal
Parenteral Drug administration refers to
IV, IM, SC, ID, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraosseous, intraspinal, intrapleural
Topical drug administration is
applied locally to the skin or membranous linings of the eye, the ear, nose, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina, and rectum
How does blood flow affect distribution?
Organs rich in blood supply receive medication more rapidly (liver, heart, kidney) then organs with less blood supply (muscle, skin, fat)
How does solubility affect distribution?
Chemical properties determine the area the drug will be attracted to (water or fat soluble), fat soluble drugs are more easily absorbed than water soluble
The simplest way to affect absorption is to
Change the speed of substances moving through the G.I. tract
