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Applied Pharmacology > Module 2: Principles of medication action and administration > Flashcards

Module 2: Principles of medication action and administration Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pharmacokinetics

A

● How a drug moves through the body/The process of drug movement to achieve drug action (how it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted)
(Repeat four processes: A. D. M. E)

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2
Q

Define Pharmacodynamics

A

● How a drug affects the body (how it works)

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3
Q

Define Pharmacotherapeutics

A

● The use of a drug to prevent and treat disease

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4
Q

Absorption refers to

A

The movement of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream

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5
Q

Where may absorption of occur?

A

Blood stream (sometimes Across the skin and associated mucous membranes or across membranes that line the G.I. Or respiratory tract)

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6
Q

What is the fastest route of absorption?

A

Inhalation

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7
Q

What are the slower routes of absorption?

A

Oral, IM, SC

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8
Q

What is faster for absorption, IM or SC?

A

IM - Richer blood supply

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9
Q

What are some medication and patient related factors that affect absorption of medication?

A 
Medication-related = Route, drug formulation, other drugs
Patient-related = Area of absorptive surface, blood flow, pain, stress, disease, diet
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10
Q

What are the seven rights of medication administration?

A 
RIGHT client
RIGHT drug
RIGHT dose
RIGHT time
RIGHT route
RIGHT reason
RIGHT documentation
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11
Q

What are the four sequential processes of the pharmacokinetic phase in order?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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12
Q

What is distribution?

A

How the drug is delivered to the tissue via the bloodstream

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13
Q

Drugs carried to most vascular organs, what are the three organs?

A

Liver, kidney, brain

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14
Q

What are three factors affecting distribution?

A

Blood flow, solubility, protein binding

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15
Q

How does blood flow affect distribution?

A

Organs rich in blood supply (liver, heart, kidney)receive medication more rapidly than organs with less blood supply (muscle, skin, fat)

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16
Q

How does solubility affect distribution?

A

Chemical properties determine the area the drug will be attracted to (water or fat soluble), fat soluble drugs are more easily absorbed then water soluble

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17
Q

how does protein binding affect distribution?

A

Only drugs that are not attracted to anything (protein) can cause a pharmacological response

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18
Q

A drug not down to a protein is active or inactive drug?

A

Active

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19
Q

What step of pharmacokinetics does protein binding affect and why?

A

Distribution – portion of the drug down to a protein is an able to elicit a therapeutic response

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20
Q

Metabolism refers to?

A

The chemical alteration of a drug by the body

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21
Q

What is the process of metabolism?

A

In which the drug is changed to a water-soluble form so it can be excreted

22
Q

When a drug is metabolized, it can become one of three…

A

In active metabolite, active metabolite, prodrug

23
Q

What is a pro drug?

A

A drug that doesn’t become active until it is metabolized

24
Q

What does a Inactive metabolite mean?

A

No longer able to work in the body

25
Q

What does an active metabolite mean?

A

Metabolized but still able to work in the body

26
Q

If a patient has severe liver damage, how would that affect drug dosing?

A

They will need lower doses

27
Q

What are four factors that affect metabolism?

A

Liver failure, genetics, environment and other drugs, age

28
Q

What is excretion in pharmacokinetics?

A

The process in which drugs are eliminated from the body

29
Q

Where are most drugs excreted by? And where do they leave the body?

A

Most drugs are Excreted by the kidneys and leave the body through urine

30
Q

A small amount of drug may be excreted through where?

A

Saliva, GI, skin, sweat and breastmilk

31
Q

What are factors affecting expiration?

A

Kidney failure

32
Q

What is half life? Why is it important?

A

The time it takes for half of a drug to achieve 50% of the original plasma concentration
- Dosage frequency is based on a drugs half life
(The greater the half life, the longer it takes for the drug to leave the body)

33
Q

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

A

And adverse drug affects the produce is unusual and unexpected symptoms that are not related to the pharmacological action of the drug. Often caused by genetic differences among clients. Rare and unpredictable

34
Q

What is an anaphylactic reaction?

A

Severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening

35
Q

What is an additive effect?

A

Similar drugs given together to create double the therapeutic effect

36
Q

What is a synergistic effect?

A

Different drugs given together to increase action of one of the drugs

37
Q

What is an antagonistic affect?

A

Went to drugs compete for absorption or protein binding sites resulting in a less than desired therapeutic effect for one or both drugs

38
Q

What is an agonist affect?

A

Drugs that could use the same response as the endogenous substance

39
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

Immune system recognizes the drug as a threat

40
Q

What is a narcotic sheet?

A

Monitors movement of narcotics, inventory of narcotics, start of shift, a shift count of narcotics

41
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

A serious, life-threatening allergic reaction

42
Q

To attain the fastest pain relief, the nurse administers the medication so that it is most rapidly absorbed from the G.I. tract. What form of oral medication has the fastest absorption?

A

Liquid

43
Q

Generally food does what to drug dissolution and absorption?

A

Decreases medication absorption

44
Q

The nurse is administering a drug that is highly protein-bound, but the clients serum albumin is low. The nurse will expect the physician to?

A

Decrease the dose

45
Q

What is an enteric-coated drug used for?

A

Prevents a medication dissolving in the stomach

46
Q

Drug interactions can have three basic affects on the action of a drug. What are they?

A

Can be inhibited, resulting in less therapeutic action.
May be enhanced, causing a greater therapeutic response
May produce a totally new and different response

47
Q

Enteral route of drug administration refers to

A

By way of digestive tract

- Oral, sublingual, Buccal

48
Q

Parenteral Drug administration refers to

A

IV, IM, SC, ID, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraosseous, intraspinal, intrapleural

49
Q

Topical drug administration is

A

applied locally to the skin or membranous linings of the eye, the ear, nose, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina, and rectum

50
Q

How does blood flow affect distribution?

A

Organs rich in blood supply receive medication more rapidly (liver, heart, kidney) then organs with less blood supply (muscle, skin, fat)

51
Q

How does solubility affect distribution?

A

Chemical properties determine the area the drug will be attracted to (water or fat soluble), fat soluble drugs are more easily absorbed than water soluble

52
Q

The simplest way to affect absorption is to

A

Change the speed of substances moving through the G.I. tract

Applied Pharmacology (16 decks)

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