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Applied Pharmacology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe non-pharmacologic (lifestyle) measures to control or prevent cardiovascular disease.

A

Avoiding alcohol, regular exercise, and a balanced diet.

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2
Q

Digoxin: pharmacologic class?

What are symptoms of digoxin toxicity?

A

Pharmacologic class - digitalis glycosides
It is used to improve the strength and efficiency of the heart, or to control the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat
- Nausea, vomiting and irregular heart beat

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3
Q

How do β-blockers work?

A

They block the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine producing a negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effect to reduce blood pressure.

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4
Q

How do calcium channel blockers work?

A
  • They block calcium from entering heart cells and cause the smooth muscle in blood vessels to relax reducing blood pressure. Diltiazem and Verapamil also decrease AV node conduction
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5
Q

How do ACE inhibitors work?

A

They inhibit the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II to interfere with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system thereby dilating blood vessels to lower blood pressure.

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6
Q

How do ARBs work?

A

They block the angiotensin receptors to interfere with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system thereby dilating blood vessels to lower blood pressure.

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7
Q

What drugs might be used to treat pulmonary edema?

A

Diuretics

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8
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Temporary ischemic chest pain relieved by rest

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9
Q

Name three electrolytes responsible for cardiac action potentials.

A

Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium

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10
Q

Antiplatelets: function? Nursing considerations? Which med can cause tinnitus?

A

Prevent platelet aggregation. Nursing consideration- give enteric coated 81 mg wont cause GI bleed. ASA- can cause tinnitus.

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11
Q

How does nitroglycerin spray lower BP?

A

It dilates blood vessels thereby lowering blood pressure.

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12
Q

What should you do if nitroglycerin SL is not effective for acute angina?

A

Call 911

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13
Q

When getting up a patient on an antihypertensive medication, what should be taken into consideration? Why?

A

They may have orthostatic hypotension and may be at risk for falling.

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14
Q

What are common causes of cardiac dysrhythmias?

A

Electrolyte imbalance- hypo and hyper but hyperkalemia is deadly and serious. Residual of MI- if cardiac muscle has died, heart block in the area that can cause disrrythmia.

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15
Q

What is rebound hypertension?

A

A rise in blood pressure that occurs when an antihypertensive medication is stopped.

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16
Q

Why should decongestants be avoided with severe hypertension?

A

Decongestants are adrenergic antagonists and therefore may cause an increase in blood pressure.

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17
Q

What catecholamines stimulate the SNS?

A

Epi and norepi

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18
Q

What is the pharmacologic action of anti-arrhythmics?

A

They affect certain ion channels and receptors located is the myocardial cell membrane.

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19
Q

What class of medications act on the kidneys to reduce fluid in the body, and indirectly reduce BP?

A

Diuretics

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20
Q

Describe non-pharmacologic (lifestyle) measures to prevent or control symptoms of common respiratory diseases (e.g., COPD and asthma)?

A

Smoking cessation, avoiding allergen- dust, pet hair, carpets, pollen

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21
Q

What is the therapeutic effect of expectorants?

A

To thin and loosen respiratory (bronchial) secretions so they can more easily be eliminated by coughing

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22
Q

What medications are more effective in treating acute asthma attacks?

A

Adrenergic agonists

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23
Q

What should a client do after receiving inhaler medications?

A

Rinse their mouth

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24
Q

What do antitussives do?

A

Inhibit the cough reflex

25
Q

How do systemic decongestants work?

A

Decongestants produce a vasoconstriction effect (sympathomimetic)

26
Q

What should be assessed before and after administration of inhalers?

A

02 stat, respiratory rate - auscultate lungs

27
Q

How do antihistamines work?

A

Antihistamines block effects of histamine (competes for receptor sites)- majority designed to block H1 receptors

28
Q

What are glucocorticosteroids used to treat?

A

Inflammation due to COPD. Asthma for prevention

29
Q

What is a common side effect of older (first) generation antihistamines?

A

o Disturbed coordination
o Fatigue/Weakness
o GI upset
o Dry mouth and eyes

30
Q

What are differences between controllers and relievers?

A

Controllers- prevention. Must be taken everyday even if symptoms are absent.
Relievers- rescue meds given for acute attacks.

31
Q

What non-pharmacologic (lifestyle) methods can be used to induce sleep?

A
  • Reduce stress, reduce foods/beverages that contain stimulants, reduce tobacco/alcohol intake
  • Don’t eat large meals before bed
  • Avoid all screens for an hour before bedtime
32
Q

How long does it take for antidepressants to start having an effect on mood?

A

Several weeks

33
Q

What is the risk of a patient eating tyramine-rich food when taking MAOIs?

A

Cause hypertensive crisis

34
Q

Why might certain antidepressants, such as TCAs, be taken at bedtime?

A

They may cause sedation.

35
Q

What conditions are antipsychotics used to treat?

A

Schizophrenia and Bipolar disorder.

36
Q

What is a major side effect of antidepressants related to blood pressure?

A

An increase in blood pressure.

There is a potential for hypertension with all types of anti-depressants (SSRIs, TCA and MAOIs)

37
Q

What do barbiturates do?

A

They depress the central nervous system.

38
Q

What are medication teaching related to antipsychotics?

A

The medication must be taken consistently, as well as monitor patient for side effects.

39
Q

What is pseudo parkinsonism?

A

A condition that is a side effect of some medications that mimics the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease.

40
Q

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A

A side effect of antipsychotic medications that involves unusual tongue and facial movements.

41
Q

A side effect of some drugs ie. anticholinergics can be decreased peristalsis. What effect might that have on drug absorption?

A

Medications are absorbed more slowly potentiating their effect.

42
Q

How do SSRIs work?

A

They block the reabsorption of serotonin making it more available.

43
Q

What needs to be assessed prior to administration of narcotics?

A
  • Presence of respiratory disorders
  • Liver or Kidney disease
  • Allergies
44
Q

What is the difference between general anaesthesia and local anaesthesia?

A

General - Loss of sensation occurring throughout the entire body accompanied + LOC - used for major surgery
Local- minor procedure, conscious, local part of the body.

45
Q

What needs to be monitored regularly when a patient is taking phenytoin (hydantoin medication)?

A
  • Vitamin K levels
  • Medication levels
  • Glucose levels
46
Q

What is lithium used to treat? What bloodwork needs to be monitored and why?

A

To moderate the mood swings of Bipolar disorder.

  • TSH, T3 and T4
  • Lithium levels
  • Calcium levels
  • BUN and Creatinine
47
Q

ADD S/EWhat medication class is first-line in managing Parkinson’s disease? Side effects?

A

Dopaminergic Drugs

48
Q

How do medications for Alzheimer’s disease work? S/E? Patient teaching?

A

They inhibit the breakdown of Acetylcholine.
s/e: Nausea, vomiting, or anorexia, insomnia
- Take medication with food or milk
- Take the medication exactly as prescribed
- Increase fibre and fluid consumption
- Symptoms of overdose (severe n/v, sweating, salivation, hypotension, bradycardia, - - convulsions, increased muscle weakness).

49
Q

What are common medications for seizure disorders? S/E? Nursing implications?

A
  • Sedation and respiratory depression
  • Decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives
  • side effect for succinimides - Accelerated metabolism resulting in depletion of nutrients such as vitamin D, K, [Barbiturates and Phenytoin-like drugs]
50
Q

Non-pharmacologic measures to control symptoms and prevent complications from PD/seizures/dementia

A
  • pt should be assisted with meals, walking, transferring, brushing teeth
    Seizures- meds (anti seizures) take everyday. Should wear medic alert bracelet.
    Dementia- consistency in routines in caregivers. Less cognitive and more emotional. Need emotional intelligence to care for them.
51
Q

What are nursing considerations related to centrally-acting muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen)?

A

textbook

52
Q

What are some adverse effects of blood thinners?

A

Hemoptysis, epistaxis, and hematemesis

53
Q

How do Tricyclic antidepressants work?

A

They inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine into presynaptic nerve terminals, making them more available.

54
Q

How do MAO inhibitors work?

A

To moderate the mood swings of bipolar disease
(They inhibit the breakdown of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the CNS neurons intensifying neurotransmission to treat the symptoms of depression)

55
Q

What are some adverse effects of blood thinners?

A

Hemorrhage, hyperkalemia, and back pain

56
Q

When should digoxin be withheld?

A

When the heart rate is <60 bpm.

57
Q

What the nursing assessments to be done prior to administration of calcium channel blocker‘s?

A
  • Obtain ECG and vital signs; assess in context of client’s baseline values.
  • Assess neurological status and LOC
  • Auscultate chest sounds for rales or rhonchi (indicative of pulmonary edema)
  • Assess lower limbs for edema (note character and level.)
58
Q

what are adverse effects on calcium channel blockers?

A

o bradycardia, hypotension, and heart failure

59
Q

How do you selected calcium channel blocker’s work?

A

Dilate peripheral arteries (away from heart) antihypertensive.
End in dipine

Applied Pharmacology (16 decks)

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