Final Flashcards
Define Obtunded
Refers to less than full alertness (altered level of consciousness), typically as a result of a medical condition or trauma. It can appear in hypercalcaemic crisis.
Define Gastroscopy
Is an examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (upper part of the small bowel) using a flexible telescope called a gastroscope.
Define Postpartum
Following childbirth
What is Cycloplegic?
An eye drop that causes paralysis of the ciliary muscle, resulting in loss of accommodation for 2-48hrs, depending on the strength. Doctors use this to allow them to measure the patient’s vision problem.
What is Miotic?
Eye drop that constricts the pupil. Used to treat glaucoma.
What is Mydriatic?
Eye drop that dilates the pupil. Used for certain eye exams and treatment of eye inflammations.
What is donepezil (Aricept)
Donepezil is used to treat confusion (dementia) related to Alzheimer’s disease.
What is erythropoietin (Eprex)
used to increase the production of red blood cells and decrease the need for transfusions of red blood cells.
What is fluoxetine (Prozac)
Fluoxetine is used to treat depression, panic attacks, obsessive compulsive disorder, a certain eating disorder (bulimia), and a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (premenstrual dysphoric disorder).
What is the antidote for Magnesium sulfate?
Calcium Gluconate
What is the antidote for Heparin/Low Molecular weight heparin?
Protamine Sulfate
What is the antidote for Warfarin?
Vitamin K
What is the antidote for Acetaminophen (Tylenol)?
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
What is the antidote for Opiates?
Naloxone (Narcan)
What is the antidote for Benzodiazepines?
Flumazenil
What is the antidote for Digoxin?
Digibind
What is the antidote for Iron?
Deferoxamine
What can decrease absorption of medication?
Area of absorptive surface, Blood flow, Pain, Stress, Disease, Diet, Route, Drug formulation & Other drugs.
Drinking water with medication can increase absorption of medication. Increasing absorption may do what to the onset of the medication?
txtbook
How can constipation increase absorption of medications?
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What are some factors, other than the aging process, that may affect distribution of medications?
Blood flow, Solubility & Protein binding
What are idiosyncratic effects?
non documented drug effect, likely due to individual genetics (unpredictable/unexplained)
Review metabolism and excretion of medications.
Refers to the chemical alteration of a drug by the body
process in which the drug is changed to a water soluble form so it can be excreted.
When a drug is metabolized in can become one of three…
1. Inactive metabolite (no longer able to work in the body)
2. Active metabolite (metabolized but still able to work in the body)
3. Pro drug (a drug that doesn’t become active until it is metabolized)
Factors affecting metabolism are: Liver failure Genetics Environment and other drugs Age
What are Antagonistic effects?
when two drugs compete for absorption or protein binding sites resulting in a less then desired therapeutic effect for one or both drugs
What are Synergistic effects?
different drugs given together to increase the action of one of the drugs
How do adrenergic agonists work?
Produce fight or flight response; Mimics sympathetic neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine);
What are some common side/adverse effects of adrenergic agonist medications?
Tachycardia; Hypertension; Palpations; Dry Mouth
How do adrenergic blockers work?
Block alpha and beta receptor sites; Indirectly inhibit the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine;
What are some side effects of adrenergic blockers?
orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, drowsiness
How do cholinergic agonists work?
mimic the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
What is the difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins?
Fat Soluble: Metabolized slowly, stored in fatty tissue of liver and muscles, excreted in urine slowly, includes A D E K.
Water Soluble: Not stored in body, readily excreted in urine. Includes Vitamin B12, B complex, Vitamin C, & Folic Acid
Why is vitamin K essential for?
Required for synthesis of prothrombin & clotting factors
What is vitamin B12 essential for?
Helps in the formation of red blood cells
Maintenance of the CNS- keeps nerves working properly
Essential for DNA synthesis
What is pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
What are some possible adverse effects of K+ supplementation?
Changes in cardiac rhythm, skeletal muscle irritability, damage to veins (IV)
What are some possible side effects of iron supplementation?
Constipation
What vitamin is given with calcium to enhance absorption?
Vitamin D
What are some side effects of magnesium? What GI issue may it be used to treat?
Used as a laxative for constipation. Side effects may include diarrhea.
What is warfarin used to treat? What does it do? What is the antidote? Health teaching?
Warfarin is an anti-coagulant ( blood thinner); Antidote is Vitamin K; INR Bloodwork should be done
What is heparin used to treat? What does it do? What is the antidote?
Heparin is an Anticoagulant used to Prevent clot formation in veins; do not dissolve existing clots. Antidote is Protamine Sulfate.
What is the difference between thrombolytic drugs, anti-platelets, and anti-coagulants?
Anticoagulants prevent clot formation
Antiplatelet suppress platelet aggregation
Thrombolytic are clot busters
What are antilipidemics used to treat?
Cholesterol
What are adverse effects of statins?
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What are the actions of bile acid sequestrants?
Bind bile acids, which contain a high concentration of cholesterol. Because of their large size, resins are not absorbed from the small intestine and the bound bile acids and cholesterol are eliminated in the feces.
What is furosemide used to treat? What is the effect of this medication on BP?
Heart Failure & Kidney Disease; Loop Diuretic; Potassium-Wasting; Lower BP
Name the indication for erythropoietin [epoietin (Eprex)] and nursing considerations when administering this medication.
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What classifications of rescue inhalers given to patients with acute asthma? Examples? Health teaching?
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What classifications of maintenance inhalers administered to patients with asthma and COPD? Examples? Health teaching?
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What are antitussives used to treat, and what are some common side effects?
Used to suppress cough reflex. Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, upset stomach, nausea, constipation, or dry mouth/nose/throat may occur.
