Module 2: Context of Development Flashcards
Microsystem
The immediate environment surrounding an individual: people, relationships, family, peers, school
Mesoosytem
Links two or more microsystems
Exosystem
In the interaction among 2 or more environments, one of which does not directly include the individual.
Macrosystem
Includes many of the broader cultural patterns, such as beliefs, customs, knowledge, and morals,
Chronosystem
The chronological nature of the development within the individual, as well as the history of the surronding environment
Parenting Practices
The patterns of discipline and affection parents display with their children.
Control
The manner and strictness with which parents provide their children with limits and discipline
Responsiveness
The affection, acceptance, and caring involved in parenting.
Authoritative Parenting
Setting limits or having rules for children and adolescents and enforcing those rules
Authoritarian Parenting
A high level of control in which limits are set and rules are enforced yet emotional connectedness is lacking
Permissive Parenting
Less control, with parents either not setting rules for behavior or not enforcing rules
Uninvolved Parenting
Lacks both control and responsiveness
Sleeper Effect
Children whose parents have been divorced for years may encounter problems again during adolescence
Self-fulfilling prophecy
An unfunded expectation that becomes true simply because it was expected
Cliques
Small groups of 2-8 people who know each other very well
Peer Selection Process
Adolescents seeking out others similar to themselves
Peer Socialization Process
Dissimilar adolescents becoming similar over time
Crowds
Larger, reputation based peer groups that typically have common labels across school districts and vary across gender.
Overt Aggression
Fighting, with the intent to harm another physically
Relational Aggression
Behaviors specifically intended to damage another child’s friendship, social status, or feelings of inclusions in a peer group
Sociometric Popularity
Students nominate peers whom they most like and most dislike within their classroom or grade.
Perceived Popularity
Students nominate peers who are the most popular or “cool” and those who are the least popular or “cool”
Rejected Youth
Individuals who display aggressive behaviors but do not display the positive behaviors of cooperation and social skills
Neglected Youth
Individuals who are neither popular nor aggressive, not nominated as liked or disliked
