Module 10: Information Processing Flashcards
Perception
The interpretation of the sensory info. we encounter that helps us understand the environment
Bottom-up Processing
We begin w/specific features of a stimuli & automatically piece those features together w/out using conscious awareness to experience an entire object
Top-down Processing
Conscious use of our prior knowledge, expectations, or context to perceive stimuli
Attention
The process of focusing on certain aspects of the environment
Automatic Processing
Used for easy/familiar tasks
Effortful Processing
Required for difficult/new tasks
Selective Attention
The ability to focus on one stimuli and ignore others
Divided Attention
The ability to focus on multiple stimuli
Encoding
The process by which info./stimuli enter our memory
Retrieval
The process by which info. is obtained from memory
Storage
The process in which info. is held/kept between encoding & retrieval.
Sensory Memory
All the sensory info. experienced before that info. is processed
Short-term memory
The structure that temporarily holds info. from sensory memory that we are attending to until the info. is either no longer attended to/moved to long-term memory
Chunking
Breaking info. down into smaller pieces to make it easier to remember
interference
When new info. from sensory memory comes into short-term memory and interferes w/old info.
Maintenance rehearsal
Which involves repeating info. over and over again to keep attention activated.
Working memory
The info. we are thinking about/attending to at the moment in short-term memory
Visuospatial sketchpad
Responsible for briefly processing visual info.
Phonological Loop
responsible for briefly processing verbal or auditory info.
Episodic buffer
responsible for integrating info. from the visuospatial sketchpad and phonological loop
Central executive subsystem
Oversees flow of info. between the 3 other systems
Long-term memory
Holds all the info. we have learned or experienced
Dual-coding theory
we remember info. better if we encode it as both verbal and visual
Network theory
Info. is encoded in relation to other info.
Spreading activation
Accessing one concept can lead to activation of other related concepts
Schema theory
info. contained w/in a script is easier to understand and encode.
Recall
Being able to remember things without being prompted
Recognition
Being able to choose the correct answer from a list of choices
Consolidation
Neural process that strengthens memories over time and can take days, weeks, and months to complete
Episodic memory
includes info. from your own life.
Semantic memory
involves info. we have that is not tied directly to our personal experiences
Procedural memory
info. about how to preform certain tasks
Declarative Knowledge
Info. about facts
Procedural Knowledge
Info. about how to perform tasks and skills
Conditional Knowledge
Info. about what conditions info. or skills can be used under
Acronym
Creating an abbreviation to help you remember
Chain or rhyme
Connecting items to be memorized in a jingle
Loci Method
Imaging a familiar location with items in unusual places
Spelling mnemonics
Using a word to help remember the spelling
Image mnemonics
Visualizing a picture to help remember the meaning of a word or phrase
