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Neuroscience 10 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do neurons send messages?

A

Electrochemically

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2
Q

What gives charge to the cell?

A

Ions

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3
Q

How do we group ions?

A

Anions: negative
Cations: positive

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4
Q

How do ions move in or out of the cell?

A

Ion channels

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5
Q

Inside the cell

A
  • Negative at rest
  • Potassium (K+)
    -Proteins (-)
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6
Q

Outside the cell

A
  • Positive (+)
  • Sodium (+)
  • Chloride (-)
  • Calcium (+)
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7
Q

Voltage

A

Difference between inside and outside of the cell

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8
Q

How do ions move?

A

Diffusion: Causes ions to spread towards a uniform concentration gradient
Electrostatic pressure: Causes ions to flow towards oppositely charged areas

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9
Q

The threshold

A

Minimum electrical charge needed to trigger an action potential

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10
Q

Depolarization

A

An increase in a neuron’s membrane potential, more positive

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11
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

A decrease in a neuron’s membrane potential, more negative

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12
Q

Gated

A

opens or closes in response to signals

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13
Q

Selective permeability

A

allows k but not na to enter and exit freely

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14
Q

Potassium leak channels

A

always open to k

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15
Q

Voltage-gated sodium channels and voltage gated potassium channels

A

gate is opened when neuron reaches a certain voltage

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16
Q

NA+/K+ Pump

A

Pumps out 3 NA+, brings in 2K+, repolarizing the membrane

17
Q

Steps of the action potential

A

1) Resting potential
2) Sub-threshold depolarization
3) Depolarization
4) Absolute refractory/repolarization
5) Relative refractory/hyperpolarization
6) Return to rest

18
Q

How do voltage-gated
sodium and voltage-gated
potassium channels
contribute to the different
phases of an action
potential? Be specific.

A

Depolarization Phase: Voltage-gated sodium channels open, allowing
Na+ ions to flow into the neuron, causing the membrane potential to
become more positive.

Repolarization Phase: Voltage-gated sodium channels close and
voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing K+ ions to flow out
of the neuron, returning the membrane potential to a more negative
value.

Hyperpolarization Phase: Voltage-gated potassium channels remain
open slightly longer than necessary, causing an overshoot in the
membrane potential to more negative values before stabilizing at the
resting membrane potential.

19
Q

Types of dendritic spines

A

Stubby: Very small, precursor to other spines
Mushroom: More stable and can last for months, the in between
Filopodia: More than 2 micrometers

20
Q

Electrical synapses

A

Potential jumps directly to postsynaptic region without using chemicals

21
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that are sent from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron.

22
Q

Synaptic transmission events

A

1) Action potential arrives at the axon terminal
2) Voltage-gated calcium channels open and CA2+ ions enter
3) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release transmitter into the cleft
4) Transmitter crosses the cleft and binds to postsynaptic receptors which opens the ion channels
5) Ion flow creates local EPSP or IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron
6) Transmitter is inactivated by enzymes
7) Transmitter may activate presynaptic auto receptors, decreasing its release

23
Q

Exocytosis is mediated by specialized proteins

A

SNARES and synaptotagmin

24
Q

Ligands

A

Fit into receptors binding sites to activate or block them

25
Q

What do the postsynaptic transmitters determine?

A

The action of the transmitter

26
Q

How do ligands bind ?

A

Endogenous ligands: Neurotransmitters and hormones produced by the body
Exogenous ligands: Drugs and toxins from outside the body

27
Q

Agonists

A

Drug or toxin that mimics a neurotransmitter, elicits response

28
Q

Antagonists

A

Drug or toxin that interferes with neurotransmitter, blocks response

29
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A

Ligand-gated ion channel opens when bound by a transmitter

30
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Activate G proteins when bound by a transmitter

31
Q

EPSPs

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potentials caused by an influx of cations which depolarizes the membrane leading to an action potential.

32
Q

IPSPs

A

Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials caused by an influx of anions which hyperpolarizes the membrane making it less likely to fire an action potential. (Results from chloride ions entering the cell, making it more negative).

33
Q

End of synaptic transmission

A

Degradation—rapid breakdown by an enzyme, e.g., acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) breaks down ACh and recycles it.

Reuptake—transmitter is taken up by presynaptic receptors called
transporters.

Autoreceptors on presynaptic membrane bind transmitters; inform the
cell about transmitter concentration in the cleft, which can be adjusted.

Neuroscience 10 (7 decks)

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