Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience 10 > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioral Neuroscience

A

Aims to understand the brain structures and functions that respond to experiences and generate behavior.

Synonyms:
biological psychology
brain and behavior
physiological psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Discuss the importance of the Renaissance in better understanding human
anatomy.

A

Created a brain-centered view of mental processes (emotion, thought, etc).

Ex.
Galen’s experiences in treating head injuries of gladiators.
Leonardo da Vinci portrays fluid-filled ventricles connecting to the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain Descartes’s contribution to early neuroscience and his now discredited
ideas of dualism.

A

René Descartes (1596–1650) tried to explain how the control of behavior might resemble the workings of a machine, proposing the concept of spinal reflexes and a neural pathway for them.

Dualism: The notion, promoted by René Descartes, that the mind is distinct from the material body and brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Trace the history of phrenology and the relationship to modern thinking about
brain and behavior.

A

Phrenology: The belief that bumps on the skull reflect enlargements of brain regions responsible for specific behaviors, feelings, and personality traits.

  • Was wrong in many aspects, people believed that by feeling the bumps on one’s head you could deduce their character

But, Phrenology led to the localization of function, which asserts that different brain regions specialize in specific behaviors.

Ex. Paul Broca (1824–1880) noted that damage to a particular region of the left side of the brain reliably causes problems with speech production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cardiocentric hypothesis

A

Aristotle: The heart is responsible for thought, consciousness, sensation, emotions, and personality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Leonardo da Vinci

A

Developed detailed drawings of the brains ventricular system (holds CSF).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gall

A

Believed in a discrete view of the brain where specific structures or brain locations = a specific function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Flourens

A

Believed in a holistic view of the brain (all structures contribute to all mental processes).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Broca and Wernickle

A

Discrete view of the brain, discovering that certain brain regions selective contribute to language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Patient “Tan”

A

Language ability is restricted to a small area based on symptoms of a patient with damage to that region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Removing pre-frontal cortical region resulted in major behavioral changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Patient H.M.

A

The anterior temporal lobes on both sides were removed, they could remember things for a short time only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories after the onset of a disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

Santiago Ramon and Cajal: Nervous system is composed of discrete neurons, which are separate from one another as opposed to a continuous network.

  • Connected via synapses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reticular Theory

A

Neurons make up one large and physically connected web= a reticulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Optogenetics

A

Modulating neuron activity with light
- Selectivity (cell type, roi)
- Modulation (can inhibit or excite)
- Transient (can turn on or off)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the four basic elements that neurons share ?

A

(1) an input zone (dendrites, which may be elaborately branched and
contain dendritic spines), (2) an integration zone (the cell body and the axon
hillock), (3) a conduction zone (the axon, which may split into axon collaterals),
and (4) an output zone (the axon terminals).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is information transmitted from neuron to neuron?

A

Synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens after the arrival of an impulse along the axons?

A

Boutons release transmitters from the axon terminals that bind to receptor proteins and produce a response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CNS (Central Nervous System)

A

The brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

A

The somatic and autonomic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Connects muscles and sensory systems with the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Connects internal organs to the CNS.

Further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Prepares body systems for action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Tends towards relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gyri and Sulci

A

Ridges and valleys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Somatic intervention

A

Bodily variables are manipulated in a precise and controlled manner, and consequent effects on behavior are noted.

Ex. Injecting hormones into mice to note behavioral changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Correlational approach

A

The covariance of behavioral and neural events may give rise to hypotheses about the function of the nervous system.

Ex. Measuring brain size and then administering a memory test to see if there is a correlation between two variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Behavioral interventions

A

The behavior of individuals is
altered in a controlled manner, and the consequent alterations of neural structure
and function are noted.

Ex. Having adults of the opposite sex interact to view hormonal changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Decreases the probability that a nerve impulse will be produced.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Depolarization

A

Increases the probability that a nerve impulse will be produced.

excitatory postsynaptic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Action potential

A

Nerve Impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Absolute refractory phase

A

The voltage-gated Na+ channels are
completely insensitive to further stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Relative refractory phase

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed but able to respond to new stimulation,
but the voltage-gated K+ channels remain open, allowing continued efflux of K+.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Conduction velocity

A

Increased in axons with large
diameters and with myelination

36
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Action potential jumps between nodes of Ranvier.

37
Q

What determines if the synapse is an EPSP or IPSP?

A

Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the type of
neurotransmitter that is released by the presynaptic neuron and the type of
receptor present on the postsynaptic membrane.

38
Q

Lock and key analogy

A

Neurotransmitter receptors operate like a lock and key; a particular transmitter
“key” may open several different types of receptor “locks” (receptor subtypes).
Not all “keys” are neurotransmitters however, other chemicals can also activate
(called agonists) or block (called antagonists) neurotransmitter receptor “locks.”

39
Q

Dorsal (directional terms)

A

Superior part of the brain, top half

40
Q

Ventral (directional terms)

A

Inferior part of the brain, bottom half

41
Q

Anterior (directional terms)

A

Front, towards eyes

42
Q

Posterior (directional terms)

A

Back

43
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline of the body, nose

44
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

45
Q

Contralateral

A

Pertaining to the other side, contralateral communication

46
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Belonging to the same side

47
Q

Horizontal plane

A

From the eyes to the top of the head

48
Q

Sagittal plane

A

From the nose to the back of the head

49
Q

Coronal plane

A

From ear to ear

50
Q

Afferent

A

Carries information to an area of interest

51
Q

Efferent

A

Carries information away from an area of interest

52
Q

What does each cerebral hemisphere contain?

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum, brainstem

53
Q

What are the three protective membranes that cover the brain called ?

A

The meninges

54
Q

What are the meninges composed of ?

A

Dura mater (tough, most outermost layer), Pia mater (delicate, most inner layer), and Arachnoid (substance between that cushions the brain with CSF)

55
Q

What is the brain stem composed of ?

A

Midbrain (top)
Pons (middle)
Medulla (bottom)

56
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive function, emotion, personality, control of recent memory retrieval

57
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Association areas, sensory integration, some language components

58
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

59
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing and memory

60
Q

Grey matter

A

Outer, contains more cell bodies, the computer

61
Q

White matter

A

Inner, contains more axons, the wires sending information

62
Q

Difference between grey and white matter in the spinal cord versus the brain

A

Grey matter is in the inside, white matter is on the outside

63
Q

Thalamus

A

Helps with integrating and relaying sensory information

64
Q

The basal ganglia

A

Critical role in the control of movement

65
Q

Parts of the basal ganglia and their roles

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
- both part of the striatum and involved in the regulation of voluntary motor control, procedural learning, and reward processing, decision making, and social interactions.
Globus pallidus
- controls conscious and voluntary movements
Substantia nigra
-production of dopamine

66
Q

The Limbic System

A

Includes structures important for emotion and learning

67
Q

Parts of the limbic system

A

Made up of the amygdala, the
hippocampus, the fornix, the
cingulate gyrus, the
mammillary bodies and the
olfactory bulbs.

68
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Contributes to for emotional processing, pain perception, processing speed, memory, attention, etc

69
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in learning, memory encoding, memory consolidation, and spatial navigation.

70
Q

Fornix

A

Primary efferent pathway from the hippocampus

71
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Important for memory and sense of direction

72
Q

Amygdala

A

Processing fearful or threatening stimuli

73
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little walnut brain, helps to coordinate muscle movements and fine motor control

74
Q

The arbor vitae

A

White-matter, branched tree-like appearance

75
Q

Midbrain

A

Closest to top of brainstem, aids in vision, hearing, sleep/wake cycles, and temperature regulation

76
Q

Superior and Inferior Colliculi

A

There are two of each in the midbrain, responsible for vision and hearing

77
Q

Pons

A

Located anterior to the cerebellum, aids in pain signaling, facial control, movements, hearing, and balance.

78
Q

Medulla

A

Continuous with the spinal cord and aids in vitals such as heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing etc.

79
Q

Hand Analogy

A

Dendrites=fingers, bringing information towards the cell body, hand=cell body, axon=arm, taking information away from the cell body

80
Q

Neuron zones

A

Input zone: Where neurons collect and process information
Integration zone: Where the decision to produce neural signals is made
Conduction zone: Where information can be electrically transmitted over great distances
Output zone: Where the neuron transfers information to other cells

81
Q

Input Zone

A

1) Dendrites: the “hands” of the neuron that collects messages
2) Dendritic spines: The “fingers” of the neuron that are the site of message transmission
3) Soma: Cell body

82
Q

Integration Zone

A

Axon initial segment/axon hillock: decision making location

83
Q

Conduction Zone

A

Axon: Electrical processes that sends message
Myelin Sheath: Conduction glia
Nodes of Ranvier: Breaks between bundles of myelin with ion channels

84
Q

Output Zone

A

Axon terminals: Transmission of message

85
Q

How do we categorize neurons?

A

Structure: Multipolar (most common): one axon, many dendrites.
Bipolar: one axon, one dendrite
Unipolar: A singular extension branch
Function: Afferent PNS-CNS (sensory), efferent CNS-PNS (motor)
Interneurons: Local and relay

86
Q
A

Neuroscience 10 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions