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Neuroscience 10 > Auditory and Visual Systems > Flashcards

Auditory and Visual Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Amplitude

A

Intensity, measured in decibels (dB)
and perceived as loudness

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2
Q

Frequency

A

Measured in number of cycles per
second, or hertz (Hz), and perceived as pitch

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3
Q

What is the external ear composed of?

A

1) Pinna
2) Ear canal

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4
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Ear drum, seals ear canal

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5
Q

What is the middle ear composed of ?

A

1) Tympanic membrane
2) Ossicles
3) Oval window

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6
Q

Ossicles

A

The malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)

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7
Q

What are the ossicles connected to?

A

The tympanic membrane on one side and the oval window on the other side.

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8
Q

What do the tensor tympani and stapedius do ?

A

They control volume

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9
Q

Oval window

A

Connects ossicles to inner ear
& focuses vibrations from sound waves
into the inner ear.

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10
Q

How does sound travel through our ears?

A

1) Funneled into the ear canal by the pinna and reaches the ear drum
2) Ossicles work to concentrate and amplify the sound
3) Focuses the sound on the oval window which is the entrance to the inner ear

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11
Q

Inner Ear

A

The cochlea converts vibrational energy into neural activity

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12
Q

Where does sensory transduction occur?

A

Organ of Corti

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13
Q

The Organ of Corti

A

Part of the cochlea that converts sound into neural activity

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14
Q

What is the Organ of Corti composed of ?

A

Tectorial membrane, hair cells, basilar membrane

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15
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Basal end: Membrane is narrow and stiff
Apex: Membrane is wide and flexible

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16
Q

Tonotopically organized

A

Neurons or other cells within a neural structure are arranged spatially according to their sensitivity to different sound frequencies

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17
Q

Review steps

A
  1. Sounds are vibrations carried
    through the air
  2. Sounds pass through the external
    ear and vibrate the tympanic
    membrane at a similar frequency
  3. Tympanic membrane activates the
    lever-action of the ossicles which in
    turn vibrate the oval window.
  4. The oval window vibrates causing
    pressure changes in the fluid filled
    canals of the cochlea.
  5. Pressure changes in fluid will kick-
    start sensory transduction
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18
Q

What protrudes from each hair cell?

A

Stereocilia

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19
Q

Hair Cell depolarization process

A
  1. Deflection of stereocilia puts tension
    on tip links
  2. Potassium ion channels are
    mechanically forced open
  3. Potassium influxes (depolarization)
  4. Influx of calcium ions
  5. Glutamate release via exocytosis onto
    auditory nerve cell
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20
Q

Auditory signals run from _____ to _______

A

Cochlea to Cortex

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21
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Contains auditory fibers from the cochlea, contacts the bases of the hair cells

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22
Q

Transduction steps

A

1) Hair cells from the organ of corti making contact with vestibular cochlear nerve
2) Auditory nerve fibers terminate in the cochlear nuclei located in the medulla
3) The cochlear nuclei send information to the superior olivary nuclei in the pons (where decussation and binaural hearing take place)
4) Information passed to the inferior colliculi (Primary auditory centers)
5) Outputs go to the medial geniculate nuclei of the thalamus
6) Pathways from the MGN of the thalamus terminate in the primary auditory cortex

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23
Q

Why does the superior olive have a medial and lateral component ?

A

Intensity and latency differences

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24
Q

Duplex theory

A

Sound localization requires processing of both intensity and latency differences

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25
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Hair cells fail to respond to the movement of the basilar membrane, no action potentials fired.

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26
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Disorders of the outer or
middle ear prevent sounds
from reaching the cochlea

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27
Q

Central deafness

A

Damage to auditory brain areas, such as by stroke, tumors, or traumatic brain injury

28
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between two adjacent crests of vibratory activity

29
Q

High frequency wave

A

Short distance between peaks

30
Q

Low frequency wave

A

Long distance between peaks

31
Q

The eye needs to convert __________ into ____________ that the brain can interpret

A

Light energy (photons), electrical signals

32
Q

Iris

A

Colored portion of the eye

33
Q

Sclera

A

Outermost tissue layer, tough

34
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent tissue at the anterior part of the eye

35
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Behind the cornea, in front of the lens- contains fluid

36
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Behind lens, contains fluid

37
Q

Aqueous humor

A

A fluid that light passes through and is nutrient rich

38
Q

Vitreous humor

A

A thick, gel-like substance that fills the back of the eye and supports shape

39
Q

What does vitreous humor contain

A

Phagocytic cells

40
Q

Lens

A

Specialized transparent
tissue (almost like glass) that
refracts the passage of light - which
allows for visual acuity/ sharpened
image

41
Q

What do the ciliary muscles do?

A

Changes the shape of the lens and supports viewing far and near objects

42
Q

Distant objects

A

Ciliary muscles are relaxed, lens gets flatter

43
Q

Near objects

A

Ciliary muscles are contracted, lens gets rounder

44
Q

Retina

A

In the back, contains photoreceptors

45
Q

Fovea

A

In the back, responsible for high visual acuity due to packed amount of cones

46
Q

Pigmented epithelium

A

Melanin-containing thin layer at the back of the eye that prevents light scattering and contains photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.

47
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors responsible for vision in low light, helps us see in the dark

48
Q

Cones

A

Color

49
Q

Seeing in low light

A

scotopic system

50
Q

Seeing in color

A

photopic system

51
Q

What cells do not send action potentials?

A

Photoreceptors, bipolar, & horizontal cells

52
Q

Graded

A

cells can release varying amounts of NTs in response to
different levels of local potentials
E.g., More light -> more rhodopsin activation in rods -> less NT release

53
Q

What does fire action potentials

A

Ganglion cells

54
Q

What do ganglion cell axons form

A

The optic nerve which exits the eye through the optic disk

55
Q

Optic disk

A

Does not contain photoreceptors, resulting in a blindspot

56
Q

Primary visual pathway

A

Retinal information terminates
in primary visual cortex and striate cortex within the occipital lobe. Most dominant pathway, most of our perceived vision flows through this pathway.

57
Q

Nasal retina vs temporal retina

A

Side closest to nose, vs side closest to ears

58
Q

The optic chiasm

A

Where visual information crosses

59
Q

Temporal retina information stays

A

Ipsilateral

60
Q

Nasal retina information goes

A

Contralateral

61
Q

Optic nerve vs optic tract

A

One eye, vs both eyes

62
Q

LGN of the thalamus

A

major site for termination of optic tract projections

63
Q

Blindsight

A

Patients with damage in the primary visual cortex of the brain can tell where
an object is although they claim they cannot see it

64
Q

Apperceptive Agnosia

A

inability to copy & intact
object recognition.
Impairment of visual
integration of object features

65
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Ability to copy & impaired object
recognition. Impairment of
connection sensory representation to knowledge of object’s meaning

66
Q

Akinetopsia

A

“Motion Blindness” - damage to motion
areas (V5) result in “static-y”
movement/stop-motion

Neuroscience 10 (7 decks)

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