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Neuroscience 10 > Language and Lateralization > Flashcards

Language and Lateralization Flashcards

1
Q

What is the division of labor in the brain between hemispheres called?

A

Lateralization

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2
Q

What happens if we sever the corpus callosum?

A

We would have two distinct hemispheres that could not communicate with each other

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3
Q

Why might the severing of the corpus callosum be done?

A

Used to treat epilepsy sometimes, called a corpus callosotomy

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4
Q

How is sensory information processed in the brain (directionally)?

A

Contralateral

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5
Q

Words seen in the Right hemisphere or left __________ go to the _______________ for comprehension.

A

1) Visual field
2) Left hemisphere

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6
Q

If we ask a split-brain patient to draw (with their left hand) what they saw in the left visual field, what do you
think would happen?

A

They can draw it, but they can’t tell you why they drew it. Comprehension would go to the alternate side.

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7
Q

Tachistoscope

A

Used to briefly flash words to left or right visual fields

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8
Q

If an object (e.g., pear) is
flashed in the left visual
field, can the split brain
subject identify the
correct object with their
left hand?

A

Yes, because left-hand is controlled by the right hemisphere

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9
Q

If an object (e.g., pear) is
flashed in the left visual
field, can the split brain
subject identify the
correct object with their
right hand?

A

No, because the right-hand is controlled by the left-hemisphere

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10
Q

Complete lack of the corpus callosum

A

callosal agenesis

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11
Q

What hemisphere is associated with language in both right and left handers?

A

Left

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12
Q

What is the right ear advantage?

A

When competing sounds are presented, the right ear sound will be more clear than the left one because it is being processed in the left-hemisphere which is associated with language.

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13
Q

What else influences the right ear advantage?

A

Handedness and language domination

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14
Q

Up to ____ of left-handed people show a reduced or reversed right ear advantage

A

50 percent

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15
Q

Wada Test

A

A medical test used to assess
hemispheric dominance for language
and memory functions in the brain

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16
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Uses an electric current to switch off parts of the brain

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17
Q

What is the planum temporale?

A

This is the superior surface of the temporal lobe and is larger in the left hemisphere, in most brains, especially babies

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18
Q

Perception of music

A

Right hemisphere

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19
Q

Perfect pitch

A

Left hemisphere

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20
Q

Agraphia

A

Impaired writing abilities

21
Q

Alexia

A

Impaired reading abilities (eg. dyslexia)

22
Q

Micropolygyria

A

Subtle differences in cortical folding patterns for people with dyslexia

23
Q

Ectopias

A

These are small clusters of neurons that have migrated to the wrong location during brain development- more common in the language areas.

24
Q

Aphasia

A

Impaired language abilities

25
Q

In 90-95 percent of cases, aphasia results from damage to the _____________.

A

Left hemisphere

26
Q

Brocas area

A

Frontal lobe, very important for language processing

27
Q

Anterior regions of Brocas area are important for

A

Semantic processing

28
Q

Posterior regions of Brocas area specialize in

A

Phonological processing (sounds of words)

29
Q

Non-fluent or Brocas Aphasia

A

Damage to left-inferior frontal region, trouble generating and producing speech, but have intact speech comprehension

30
Q

What is Brocas Aphasia caused by?

A

Strokes or trauma to the brain

31
Q

What is Borcas Aphasia associated with?

A

hemiplegia (complete paralysis to one side) or
hemiparesis (weakness with one side)

32
Q

Wernickes aphasia, fluent aphasia area affected

A

Damage to the left junction between the upper temporal lobe and parietal lobe. This results in fluent aphasia or Wenickles aphasia.

33
Q

What is fluent aphasia

A

Speech can be produced easily, but it does not make sense always
-Paraphrasis: Incorrect word insertions
-Problem of comprehension

34
Q

Connectionist mode of aphasia

A

Attributes language deficits to disconnections between regions of the brains language network.

35
Q

The arcuate fasciculus

A

a tract believed by
some to connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s
areas, is a key component.

36
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

An impairment in the ability to correctly repeat words

37
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Damage to left hemisphere including brocas aphasia and wernickles area, little to no comprehension and production of speech.

38
Q

PET Scans in Diagnosing Aphasia

A

Show brain areas with reduced activity related to language.

39
Q

What factors affect aphasia recovery?

A

Cause and severity of brain damage: The type and extent of the injury, as well as, the areas of the brain affected.
Age and overall health: Younger individuals and those in good health tend to have better recovery prospects
Time since onset: The earlier therapy begins after the injury,
the better the chances of improvement.

40
Q

Right hemisphere plays a role in emotional tone of voice ________ and in the perception of __________.

A

1) Prosody
2) Music

41
Q

Astereognosis

A

The inability to recognize objects by touching and feeling them.

42
Q

Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)

A

Brain region associated with reflexive shifts of attention
- Shifting attention from one target object to the next
- Shifting attention to unexpected or surprising stimuli

43
Q

Ventral frontal cortex

A

brain region associated with working memory
- Recognizing the novelty of a
situation by comparing present
stimuli with those of the recent past
- Novel situations = more attentional
resources

44
Q

Hemispatial Neglect

A

An individual with right hemisphere
damage (typically in in the TPJ & VFC)
often ignore left side of images

45
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness- Inability to recognize one’s own face and the face of others

46
Q

Damage to what area typically results in Prosopagnosia

A

Fusiform Gyrus

47
Q

Developmental Prosopagnosia

A

Where a person has prosopagnosia
without having brain damage

48
Q

Acquired prosopagnosia

A

Where a person develops
prosopagnosia after brain
damage, often following
a stroke or head injury

49
Q

Right Hemisphere Summary

A

-Important for attention, especially attention to left side of world
- Object identification
- Recognizing meaning from faces
- Recognizing self from non-self

Neuroscience 10 (7 decks)

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