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Neuroscience 10 > Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Memory: Encoding

A

Step 1: A subset of sensory information that enters sensory buffers is encoded and placed into short-term memory

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2
Q

Short-term memory (AKA working memory)

A

Can temporarily hold and manipulate information
- Limited capacity
- Short duration
- Active maintenance

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3
Q

Pre-frontal cortex

A

Command Center for STM

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4
Q

Dorsolateral PFC

A

Manipulating and controlling information

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5
Q

Ventrolateral PFC

A

Maintaining and retrieving information

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6
Q

Episodic Memories- encoding
Def. memory of specific events or experiences

A

Do not require multiple presentations for effective encoding

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7
Q

Semantic Memories- encoding
Def. general knowledge and facts

A

Typically do require multiple presentations for effective encoding

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8
Q

Stages of memory: Consolidation

A

Step 2: Short-term memory is transferred into long-term storage

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9
Q

What region of the brain plays a significant role in the early stages of consolidation?

A

Hippocampus

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10
Q

Stages of memory: Retrieval

A

Step 3: Stored information is used

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11
Q

Engram

A

The physical basis of a memory in the brain, aka where is memory stored

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12
Q

Stages of memory: Reconsolidation

A

Step 4: Reactivated memory becomes sensitive (vulnerable state where memory can be labile to modification)

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13
Q

Declarative memory

A

Things you know that you can tell others

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14
Q

Nondeclarative (procedural) memory

A

Things you know that you can show by doing
Ex. Skill of mirror tracing

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15
Q

Where in the brain is responsible for our declarative memories?

A

Medial temporal lobe

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16
Q

What are declarative memories broken into?

A

Episodic and Semantic

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17
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memories of events, episodes in your life

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18
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memories of facts, what is the capital of Maine

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19
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories before a traumatic event

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20
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

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21
Q

Patient HM

A

Anterograde amnesia

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22
Q

Patient NA

A

Anterograde amnesia, damage to both mamillary bodies: Suggests that the medial temporal lobe and the midline diencephalic
region are normally parts of a
larger memory system

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23
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Anterograde amnesia for
declarative memories caused by
lack of thiamine—seen in
chronic alcoholism

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24
Q

Confabulate

A

fill in a gap in memory with a falsification which they accept as true

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25
Q

Patient KC

A

Personal episodic memory was not intact, while semantic memory was intact

26
Q

Nondeclarative Memories Overview

A
  • Skill learning
  • Priming
  • Classical conditioning
  • Nonassociative learning
  • Spatial memory

Anatomy:
The parts that are NOT medial temporal

27
Q

Skill learning

A

Learning to perform a challenging task through repetition
(Sensorimotor, Perceptual, and Cognitive are impaired by damage to the basal ganglia)

28
Q

Priming brain region

A

Neocortex

29
Q

Perceptual priming

A

Visual form of words: reduced activity in the bilateral occipitotemporal cortex.

30
Q

Conceptual priming

A

Words meaning: Reduced activity in the left frontal cortex.

31
Q

Spatial memory parts of the brain

A

Hippocampus and cortex. Damage to hippocampus will affect navigation.

32
Q

Place cells: hippocampus

A

Become active when an animal is moving towards a particular location

33
Q

Grid cells: Medial Entorhinal Cortex

A

Fire when an animal crosses an intersection point

34
Q

Nonassociative learning

A

Reflex pathways

35
Q

What is the sea slug, Aplysia, used to study?

A

Plastic synaptic changes in neural circuits.

36
Q

The advantages of working
with Aplysia:

A
  • Fewer nerve cells
  • Can create detailed circuit
    maps for particular behaviors
  • Little variation between
    individuals
37
Q

What are Aplysia capable of ?

A

Nonassociative learning: a single stimulus is presented once or repeated.

38
Q

Habituation

A

decreased response to repeated presentations of a stimulus

39
Q

Dishabituation

A

restoration of response amplitude after habituation

40
Q

Sensitization

A

prior strong stimulation increases response to most stimuli

41
Q

Habituation in Aplysia

A

Stimulus to the siphon causes gill
retraction, with repeated stimuli, it
retracts less. This short-term
habituation results from less
transmitter being released by the
sensory neuron.

42
Q

Habituation

A

Fewer molecules released, so less transmission

43
Q

Neurodegeneration

A

The progressive atrophy and loss of
function of neurons, which is present in
neurodegenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s
disease.

44
Q

Dementia

A

A general term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving and other
thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life.

45
Q

Risk factors of Dementia

A
  • Biological factors
  • Behavioral factors: smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, etc.
  • Environmental factors
  • Socioeconomic factors: Poverty, lack of access to healthcare, education, or employment
    opportunities.
  • Psychological factors: Stress, trauma, mental health disorders, or personality traits.
  • Occupational factors: Workplace hazards, exposure to dangerous materials, etc.
  • Medical history: Personal or family history of certain diseases or conditions.
46
Q

Non-modifiable Risk Factors

A

These are risk factors that cannot be changed or controlled.

47
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors

A

These are risk factors that can be changed or controlled through interventions.

48
Q

Protective Factors

A

Characteristics that reduce the likelihood of experiencing negative outcomes or developing certain conditions.

49
Q

Mild Cognitive Impairment

A

A condition that involves slight but
noticeable changes in a person’s
cognitive abilities, such as memory,
thinking, and judgment. Does not interfere with activities of daily living.

50
Q

MCI is known as a risk factor for __________

A

Dementia

51
Q

Vascular Dementia

A

Vascular dementia is the second
most common type of dementia. It
is caused by reduced blood flow
that damages brain tissue and
impairs cognitive function.

52
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • The inside of your arteries (contains oxygen- rich blood) gets clogged up with a substance called plaque.
  • As plaque builds up, it narrows your arteries and makes it harder for blood to flow smoothly.
  • This can lead to serious problems like chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, heart attacks, or strokes

(Risk factor)

53
Q

What about on imaging?

A
  • Cortical atrophy
  • White Matter Hyperintensities
    (tissue damage due to small
    vessel disease, ischemia, or
    chronic hypoperfusion)
  • Widening of the sulci (grooves)
    and enlargement of the
    ventricles.
  • Infarct lesions
54
Q

Lewy Body Dementia

A

Characterized by the presence of
abnormal protein deposits called
Lewy bodies. It accounts for about
10-25% of all dementia cases and
is often associated with motor
symptoms such as tremors and
stiffness. Affects the brains chemical messengers.

55
Q

Frontotemporal
Dementia

A

A group of disorders that primarily
affect the frontal and temporal
lobes of the brain. It is
characterized by changes in
behavior and personality, as well
as language problems and
difficulty with movement.
*A family history of FTD is the
only known risk for these
diseases. Abnormal amounts of tau or TDP-43 proteins inside the neurons.

56
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the brain, leading to a gradual decline in cognitive function, memory, and ability to perform daily activities. Abnormal deposits of proteins form amyloid plaques.

57
Q

Neurobiological changes:

A

There is a progressive loss of
cholinergic neurons in the
basal forebrain

58
Q

What two structures have been the study of cognitive decline

A

Amyloid & Tau

59
Q

Early-onset familial
Alzheimer disease

A
  • A rare form of AD that affects
    individuals younger than age 65.
  • Caused by a genetic mutation that is
    passed down in an autosomal
    dominant pattern
  • Caused by mutations in one of three
    genes: amyloid precursor protein (APP),
    presenilin 1 (PSEN1), or presenilin 2
    (PSEN2)
60
Q

Mixed Dementia

A

Mixed dementia refers to the
presence of more than one type of
dementia in the same person. It is
common for individuals with
dementia to have both
Alzheimer’s disease and vascular
dementia, for example.

61
Q

Scenario 3: Mr. Carter, a 72-year-old retired musician, has
been experiencing vivid dreams and hallucinations for several
months. He often sees colorful patterns and shapes, especially
when he wakes up during the night. Mr. Carter has also
noticed changes in his walking, with episodes of stiffness and
shuffling gait. His family has observed fluctuations in his level
of alertness and cognition, with periods of confusion
alternating with moments of clarity.
* Imaging Findings: PET scans show evidence of reduced
dopamine transporter uptake.

A

Lewy Body Dementia

Neuroscience 10 (7 decks)

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