Module 11

Question 1

what is a microbiome/microbiota

Answer 1

Question 2

What are the major bacterial genera at different body sites

Answer 2

Question 3

Describe the microbiota of the stomach and small intestine

Answer 3

Question 4

Describe the microbiota of the large intestine

Answer 4

Question 5

Describe the major components and functions of the gut microbiome

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the products of intestinal microbiota and their importance

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the microenvironments of the respiratory tract and their associated microbes

Answer 7

Question 8

What are the factors affecting oral microbiome? How does this affect gut health?

Answer 8

Question 9

Explain the microbiata of teeth and bacteria causing dental caries and periodontitis

Answer 9

Question 10

What is Koch’s postulates and molecular Koch’s postulates

Answer 10

Question 11

What is virulence

Answer 11

Question 12

How can virulence be measured? (LD50)

Answer 12

Question 13

What are the pathogen entry points

Answer 13

Question 14

What are the pathogen exit points

Answer 14

Question 15

What are the steps in infection and disease

Answer 15

Infection becomes a disease when a microorganism that is established and growing in a host causes damage and injury that impairs function

Question 16

Explain adherence in infection

Answer 16

Question 17

How do pathogens adhere to hosts using specific receptor molecules

Answer 17

Question 18

Why does Neisseria gonorrhoeae adhere only to mucosal epithelial cells in the genitourinary tract, eye, rectum and throat

Answer 18

Question 19

Describe colonization

Answer 19

Question 20

Explain bacterial adherence and colonization of dental caries

Answer 20

Question 21

Explain invasion following colonization

Answer 21

Question 22

What are the virulence factors in salmonella (salmonella pathogenicity islands)

Answer 22

Question 23

How do enzymes function as virulence factors

Answer 23

Question 24

Explain streptokinase and coagulase as defense mechanisms of S. pyogenes and S. aureus

Answer 24

Question 25

Describe hyaluronidase as a virulence factor

Answer 25

Question 26

How does H. pylori invade stomach tissues

Answer 26

Question 27

What are exotoxins (proteinacious toxin)

Answer 27

Question 28

What are cytolytic (cytotoxins) exotoxins

Answer 28

Question 29

What are the types of membrane disruption toxins and their functions

Answer 29

Question 30

What are A-B exotoxins and their functions

Answer 30

Question 31

What is the difference between the mode of action of cytotoxins and AB toxins

Answer 31

Question 32

How does the diphtheria toxin block protein synthesis

Answer 32

Question 33

What are botulinum and tetanus toxins

Answer 33

Question 34

What is the mode of action of Botulinum and tetanus toxins

Answer 34

Question 35

What are enterotoxins

Answer 35

Question 36

Describe cholera enterotoxin

Answer 36

Question 37

What are superantigens

Answer 37

Question 38

What are endotoxins

Answer 38

Question 39

Explain virulence factors for survival in the host and immune evasion

Answer 39