Module 10

Question 1

neoplasia

Answer 1

disorganized tissue growth, a tumor

Question 2

neoplasm

Answer 2

lost balance of proliferation and differentiation

Question 3

dedifferentiated

Answer 3

cell reverting back from specialized to unspecialized cell type

Question 4

carcinoma

Answer 4

external or internal body cancer (skin)

Question 5

sarcoma

Answer 5

cancer in supportive or connective tissues

Question 6

leukemia/lymphoma

Answer 6

cancer in blood tissues

Question 7

cancer treatments (6)

Answer 7

surgery, chemo, radiation, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, oncogene specific inhibitors

Question 8

cell cycle control system

Answer 8

triggers cell division

Question 9

G1 checkpoint

Answer 9

entry into S phase, leaves the cell cycle

Question 10

oncogene

Answer 10

cancer causing gene driver or initiator. mutation to proto-oncogene dominant, gain of function

Question 11

proto-oncogene

Answer 11

triggers cell division

Question 12

tumor suppressor gene (tsg)

Answer 12

controls cell division, mutation results in loss of function

Question 13

DNA repair genes

Answer 13

genomic stability, mismatch repair, mutations accumulates more mutations

Question 14

uncontrollable growth

Answer 14

cancer makes own external growth factors, mutation in Ras oncogene

Question 15

Ras oncogene

Answer 15

mutation activates cell division. dominant

Question 16

philadelphia chromosome

Answer 16

cell division by translocation. leukemia/lymphoma

Question 17

pRB retinoblastoma protein

Answer 17

tsg prevents inhibition of cell cycle, loss of function

Question 18

retinoblastoma

Answer 18

hereditary or spontaneous. Rb gene on chromosome 13

Question 19

two hit model

Answer 19

one copy of Rb is inherited. it only takes one more hit for a second copy of Rb to trigger tumor growth

Question 20

loss of heterozygosity

Answer 20

from one copy of Rb to 2. hetero to homo

Question 21

rescue of trisomy

Answer 21

2 mutants inherited and a normal, 3 copies inherited. when one is discarded to fix the mistake, the 2 Rb mutants can remain

Question 22

mitotic recombination

Answer 22

replication mistake during mitosis, 2 Rb genes

Question 23

germline cancer

Answer 23

inherited cancer, every cell has the mutation

Question 24

Brca1/2

Answer 24

breast cancer mutation, DNA repair gene. not a tsg

Question 25

sporadic cancer

Answer 25

somatic mutation induces tumorigenesis

Question 26

apoptosis

Answer 26

programmed cell death

Question 27

P53

Answer 27

tsg that triggers apoptosis

Question 28

angiogenesis

Answer 28

induce blood vessel growth recruitment

Question 29

VEGF

Answer 29

stimulates growth of nearby vessels

Question 30

telomerase

Answer 30

enzyme that lengthens telomeres and prevents erosion

Question 31

immunotherapy

Answer 31

boosting immune system by components

Question 32

immune checkpoint inhibitors

Answer 32

molecule blocks suppressor signal on cancer to allow t-cell recognition

Question 33

CAR T therapy

Answer 33

super t-cell combines b/t cells to detect and destroy

Question 34

reprogramming metabolism

Answer 34

abnormal energy metabolism, reprogram energy pathways

Question 35

promoting genomic instability

Answer 35

replication and mitosis mistakes, defective DNA repair

Question 36

multistage model

Answer 36

many steps to acquire cancer each due to genetic alteration

Question 37

tumor-promoting inflammation

Answer 37

inflammation enhances cancer growth with growth factors and the release of ROS

Question 38

cancer study

Answer 38

GWAS sequencing cancer genomes, exome sequencing, microarray analysis

Question 39

TCGA

Answer 39

high throughput sequencing cancer genome

Question 40

cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA)

Answer 40

small tumor DNA circulating in bloodstream. responsible for detection, staging, and treatment.