Module 1

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

Complete DNA set of an organism; all the genetic material belonging to an organism

Question 2

Genotype

Answer 2

The code in the DNA that determines the phenotype

Question 3

Phenotype

Answer 3

The trait that can be observed and measured

Question 4

Gene

Answer 4

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 5

Allele

Answer 5

Gene variants

Question 6

Mutation

Answer 6

The process that results in different alleles

Question 7

Chromosomes

Answer 7

Tightly packaged DNA. 46 total in each somatic cell

Question 8

Autosomes

Answer 8

22 pairs that do not differ between sexes

Question 9

Sex chromosomes

Answer 9

X, Y

Question 10

Genetics

Answer 10

The study of inherited traits and variations

Question 11

Nucleotide

Answer 11

Contains a nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group

Question 12

Polynucleotide

Answer 12

String of nucleotides

Question 13

Purines

Answer 13

2 rings, A/G

Question 14

Pyrimidines

Answer 14

1 ring, T/C

Question 15

Watson and Crick

Answer 15

Determined structure of DNA

Question 16

Chargaff’s rules

Answer 16

In any organism the amount of A=T and G=C

Question 17

Complementary base pairs

Answer 17

When 2 nucleotides are H bonded together

Question 18

A bonds to…

Answer 18

T

Question 19

C bonds to…

Answer 19

G

Question 20

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 20

Bond that links the 5’ end to the 3’ end

Question 21

Enzymes

Answer 21

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions

Question 22

Helicase

Answer 22

Separates DNA strands to form a replication fork

Question 23

DNA Polymerase

Answer 23

Adds nucleotides to 3’ end of the new strand

Question 24

Primase

Answer 24

Makes short stretch of RNA complimentary to the DNA

Question 25

Lagging strand

Answer 25

Discontinuous, away from the fork

Question 26

Leading

Answer 26

Continuous, toward the fork

Question 27

Ligase

Answer 27

Seals gaps between fragments

Question 28

Central dogma

Answer 28

Pathway from gene to protein: transcription, translation, DNA to RNA to protein

Question 29

Uracil

Answer 29

Instead of thymine in RNA

Question 30

Transcription

Answer 30

Process that makes RNA

Question 31

Initiation

Answer 31

RNA polymerase binds to promoter to unwind

Question 32

Elongation

Answer 32

RNA nucleotides are added to the chain

Question 33

Termination

Answer 33

RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and detaches

Question 34

Transcription factors

Answer 34

Proteins that turn on transcription

Question 35

Introns

Answer 35

Interrupting sequences

Question 36

Exons

Answer 36

Coding regions

Question 37

Cap

Answer 37

Added to 5' end

Question 38

Poly-A tail

Answer 38

Added to 3' end

Question 39

RNA splicing

Answer 39

removal of introns and joining exons

Question 40

Alternative splicing

Answer 40

Genes mix exons to produce different versions of proteins to increase diversity

Question 41

Amino acid

Answer 41

Primary unit of a protein

Question 42

Translation

Answer 42

Turns RNA into proteins

Question 43

Redundant

Answer 43

Amino acids specified by more than one codon

Question 44

Unambiguous

Answer 44

Amino acid only specified by one codon

Question 45

tRNA

Answer 45

Molecules that match an amino acid to the corresponding mRNA codon, turning RNA to protein. The key to translation

Question 46

Anticodon

Answer 46

allows the tRNA to bind to a mRNA codon

Question 47

Ribosome

Answer 47

Translation occurs on the surface

Question 48

MET

Answer 48

Initiation codon

Question 49

Gene expression

Answer 49

Making a protein from a gene

Question 50

3 Levels of gene regulation

Answer 50

1. DNA packaging and epigenetic mods 2. transcription factors 3. protein degradation in translation

Question 51

DNA packaging

Answer 51

Limits access to the genes

Question 52

Barr body

Answer 52

Inactivated X chromosome

Question 53

Epigenetic marks

Answer 53

Modifications made to the DNA or histones that can be proteins or chemical groups

Question 54

Gene family

Answer 54

2-10 members

Question 55

Gene superfamily

Answer 55

100s of members