Module 1&2 Exam 1 Flashcards
What defines psychology?
Science of behavior and mental process
What are behavior and mental processes?
behavior is any action that can be observed or recorded. Mental process is internal subjective experiance infered from behavior
What isn’t psychology?
Focused only on mental health, analyzing people, people trying to fix their own problems, or psychiatry (people who give others medicine)
Who was the first psychologist, and what did he study?
Wilhem Wundt and he studied people’s reaction time
What’s the difference between structuralism and functionalism?
Structualism used introspection to define the minds makeup (how things relate) ; functualism focused on how mental processes enable us to adapt, survie, and thrive(purpose)
What was the research method of introspection?
Structualism
What is Psychodynamic Theory?
empisised how uncounsious thought process and emotional responces to childhood experiances affect later life behavior (freud) development process->personality
Behaviorism
the scentific study of observable behavior without reference tyo mental process (only what we do head empty)
Humanism
Focused on ways that current enviroment nurture of limit growth potential and importance of having needs met to be satasfied (hierarchy of needs)
Why do we study Freud?
cultural influence; historically important, and because he had the first compreshensive personality theory
What are the three levels of consciousness?
Councious- ideas we’re aware of and think about
pre-counsious- ideas on the verge of awareness
uncounsious- ideas not avalible for recall that are trheatening to you
What are the three parts of your personality?
ID- basic urges, uncounsious to them basically the devil on your shoulder
Superego- your moral values, causes guilt if ignored, basically the angel on your shoulder
ego- the part of you that deals with real world constraints and chooses to listen to ID or Superego
What are defense mechanisms?
they uncousiously protect you from anxiety aused by your uncousious (violent impulses, ect)
What is repression?
use of “brute force” to push ideas into the uncousious
What is Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages and how does it cause your adult personality?
children go through a series of stages of development and growth requires you to advane through stages, but some get stuck and if your stuck this influences your adult peronality
What is a case study?
detailed observation and anylisys of a single person
What is a projective test, and what does it assess?
bassically an ambigious image (ink blob) that supposivly reveies uncousious thoughts through your interpretation
Why did Freud analyze dream images?
because he thought symbols reflected uncousious thoughts
What’s a Freudian slip?
a verbal error that revels uncousious thoughts
What makes psychology unique in how it examines human behavior?
focus on individuals, collect data through observation or self report and focus on carefully controlld experiments
What is critical thinking, and why is it important in psychology?
don’t assume everything is true and it’s important so we aren’t biased
What are the major areas of psychology?
biological, cognative, developmental, social and peronality, mental and physical health
What’s the difference between a research psychologist and an applied psychologist?
reaserch psych study basic questions on how people function and appled use this to help people
What is positive psychology?
study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering and premoting strengths and virtues that help people and communities thrive
What is culture
shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes on to the next
WEIRD culture
Western, Educated, Industrilized, Rich, and Democratic
What the difference between basic and applied research?
basic builds psych’s general knowledge base while applied tackles practial problems
What are the steps of SQ3R?
Survey, Question, Read, Retreieve, and Review
What are the goals of psychology research?
To understand what causes people to act, think, and feel they way they do, articulate the principles that guide human behavior and To use the best methods to pursue these goals and uncover the “truth.”
What is a theory?
Our best explanation for an aspect of behavior.
What does a theory accomplish?
Makes predictions regarding how people will act or respond
Why do psychologists care about theories?
Our best explanation for an aspect of behavior, many research studies have tested and supported it.
What is the scientific method, and how does it work?
Hypothesize, operationalize, design, collect, analyze, and publush. its the circle of making tests and hypothesis
What is a hypothesis?
A testable prediction regarding conditions under which an event will occur.
How is a hypothesis different from a theory?
hypothesis is an untested idea but theories have been proven
What does it mean to operationalize?
Decide how to measure all the relevant variables. It’s is how we decide to “get at” the variables that interest us.
What is a research design?
How we plan to structure the study in order to test the hypothesis.
What are naturalistic observation, correlational, and experimental designs?
Naturalistic observation: studying people in natural settings.
Correlational studies: observing if two variables are associated
Experiments: manipulating variables to test cause and effect.
What happens when you analyze data?
You examine it to see if your hypothesis was supported or not supported and look for look for statically significant effects in our design.
Why is it important to publish research findings?
to share your knowledge with others and add to the scholarly bank. Also allows for Theories can be updated (or even eliminated) based on new findings.
What do we mean when we say “people are complicated”?
We mean no one theory can completely explain all of human behavior.
What is the biopsychosocial model?
An integrated approach to explaining behavior that incorporates biological, psychological, and social influences.Each level of analysis provides an understanding of behavior, but by itself it’s not complete
What are the implications of the biopsychosocial model for understanding causes of behavior?
Each field and sub-field of psychology provides a good, but incomplete understanding of behavior.Any single explanation of behavior is not going to be perfect. Other factors also play a role.
What is a correlational design?
Determining the relationship between two variables without controlling or manipulating them
What is an experimental design?
Determining if one variable influences another by controlling and manipulating the variable
Why does psychology need research ethics?
Because some psych experiments have the poteintal to cause harm so we need to make sure we treat people ethically so that doesn’t happen
What does an Institutional Review Board do?
They verify a study is being performed ethically before people participate
What is informed consent, and why is it important?
General description of what participant will do, but it may not be the complete story, especially if the study involves deception. Explains potential risks and benefits
What does it mean if a study is “free from coercion”?
Participation is volentary and there is no pressure for someone to stay in a study
What is the risk-benefit rule in research?
What is debriefing, and why is it important?
What is hindsight bias?
Tendancy to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it
What is meta-analysis
a statistical procedure for analysizing the reults of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion
why is meta-analysis important?
because by combining the results of many studies, reasershers avoid the problem of small samples and arrive at bottem line results
What is random sampling
a sample tht fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
how is random sampling different from random assignment
in random assignment where you already have a group and randomly assign them to a treatment. Random assignments for experiments while random samplings for survey
What is the placebo effect?
results caused by expectation alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance which pacitent assumes will help.
Councious
ideas we’re aware of and think about
pre-counsious
ideas on the verge of awareness
uncounsious
ideas not avalible for recall that are trheatening to you
